“16+1”合作机制下中国与维谢格拉德集团关系研究

2012年4月,中国—中东欧国家领导人会晤机制启动,标志着以中东欧16国为一方、以中国为另一方的"16+1"整体合作框架正式开启。双方基于共同利益进行总体规划,分领域、重点区域打造"16+1"利益共同体,以期实现共同发展、互利共赢。其中,波兰、匈牙利、捷克与斯洛伐克维谢格拉德集团四国在中东欧地区和欧盟内具有重大战略地位,对发展中国—中东欧国家关系、中欧关系意义重大。在此背景下,中国与维谢格拉德集团关系发展迎来了新的机遇。政治、经贸与人文交流合作不断升温,双边关系持续发展与巩固,但战略互信和深层合作仍需加强。未来进一步提升双边合作关系是中国与维谢格拉德集团的共同需要,也是深化"16+1"机制并与欧盟发展对接的重要抓手。     

欧盟难民问题难解的原因与影响

欧盟各国因地理位置和文化等因素在难民问题上存在着严重分歧,外部边境国家关切"首次移动",而内陆中心国家想要阻止"二次移动"。2018年6月底的欧盟峰会达成的妥协方案依然是模糊的,能否有效实施存疑。峰会结果也预示着,鉴于维谢格拉德集团四国坚决抵制难民的强制摊派,欧盟只能寄望于相关国家自愿组成接纳难民的"意愿者联盟"。由于欧盟内部在难民问题上难以达成一致,因而欧洲共同避难体系的改革难以实质性推进,这势必给欧盟带来一系列严重的负面影响。     

中东欧国家在欧盟的利益诉求和利益博弈

自2004年以来,欧盟先后进行了三次东扩,11个中东欧国家加入了欧盟。由于经济发展水平、地缘政治环境、历史经验和政治文化等方面存在差异,中东欧新成员国与西欧老成员国在一系列问题上产生了分歧。本文介绍了中东欧国家在欧盟的利益诉求,阐述了中东欧国家在欧盟影响力的差异,分析了它们在欧盟进行利益博弈的特点。文章最后指出,唯有从欧盟的角度看待民族国家利益,加强与欧盟老成员国之间的信任、沟通和理解,积极参与欧洲一体化进程并提出建设性意见,中东欧新成员国才能提升自身在欧盟的影响力,并更多地从欧洲一体化进程中获利。     

欧洲政治碎片化与中欧关系走向

欧洲政治碎片化已成为一种"新常态",这不仅表现在2019年欧洲议会的选举结果上,也反映在诸多成员国政治发展态势上。欧洲政治碎片化导致欧盟各国主流政党逐渐右倾,欧盟内民粹主义主张和政策主流化、正常化,各级政府组阁举步维艰,欧盟集体行动力受到制约,欧盟及其成员国将采取更具保护主义色彩的政策。受到欧洲政治碎片化影响,未来的中欧关系总体上将呈现出双边合作需求与双边关系中的竞争同步增强的态势。中欧双方应积极构建新时期合作的战略规划,以增强战略互信、促进利益融合为目标,以双方共同关切的数字化、绿色化等领域合作为重点,通过双方战略对接、优势互补,提高中欧双边关系的韧性,为全球树立合作共赢的典范。     

联合国大会中的投票格局与发展中国家集团

对联合国大会投票数据分析后发现,发展和裁军、中东问题、非殖民化及核裁军、特定国家人权状况,是解释成员国投票偏好的主要议题因子。研究还发现,联合国成员国依据其投票偏好形成四个国家集团。其中发展中国家群体是联合国内最大的集团,在发展和裁军议题上具有清晰的统一立场;其次是欧盟成员国和日本、澳大利亚等北方国家群体;加拿大和太平洋岛国组成一个群体;美国和以色列形成独特的两国集团。分析联合国成员国在大会四个议题因子上的投票后发现,发展中国家和发达国家围绕国际政治经济秩序变革展开较量,南北关系是界定联合国大会投票格局的主要因素。这一发现还有助于推动学术界关于当今世界主要矛盾以及发展中国家群体分化的争论。     

欧盟经济安全战略及其影响

欧盟出于降低战略依赖、增强经济竞争力等经济关切,以及应对地缘政治格局骤变冲击、回应内部呼声凝聚共识等政治考量,于2023年发布首份经济安全战略文件《欧洲经济安全战略》,梳理欧盟经济面临的风险,提出应对路径和行动计划。《欧洲经济安全战略》具有全面性、进攻性、保守性和灵活性等特点,该战略实施以来,也面临财政资源限制、成员国分歧、企业界不满等多重障碍。该战略反映了欧盟对其所处国际格局、地区形势及所面临严峻挑战的新认知和因应,将对欧盟内部、中欧关系以及世界经济等产生深刻影响,也给世界带来更多变数。     

俄乌冲突对欧盟的安全与政治冲击

俄乌冲突爆发以来，欧洲地缘政治和安全形势急剧变化。俄乌冲突的爆发背后有着深层的结构性矛盾，并展现为俄乌之间的安全困境。俄乌冲突极大冲击了欧盟及其成员国现有的安全观念，促使其重构安全与防务战略构想，加强防务能力，一些成员国甚至转变传统中立政策。面对俄乌冲突，欧盟成员国在吸纳乌克兰入盟、对俄制裁以及对俄能源脱钩等方面存在分歧，进一步凸显了成员国间的利益纠葛。俄乌冲突很大程度上使欧盟提升战略自主的意愿更加强烈，但在实践过程中欧盟仍面临更复杂挑战和更大不确定性。     

伊拉克战争对欧洲一体化的影响

伊拉克战争导致欧盟国家内部的严重政治分野,欧盟现成员国和候选国形成了以英国为首的追随美国的“主战派”或者“亲美国派”,以法国、德国为代表的反对美英立场的“主和派”或者“抗美派”。两派之间的深刻分歧,对于欧盟现今和未来的一体化进程、对于欧盟的对外政策正在并将继续产生重大而深远的影响。     

“和平使命-2007”中美俄较劲——国外媒体评论本届上合组织军演言论选

"和平使命-2007"上海合作组织成员国武装力量联合反恐军事演习是第一次由上海合作组织全体成员国组织实施的联合反恐军事演习,展示了成员国共同打出恐怖主义、分裂主义、极端主义"三股势力"的坚定决心和行动能力,反映了成员国在防务安全领域的合作水平。随着成员国之间政治互信、防务安全合作、经济合作的深化以及对"三股势力"震慑力度的不断加大,中亚地区人民对安居乐业的信心已明显增强。     

伊拉克战争后的欧美关系：欧洲视点

作者认为,美国对后冷战时代国际格局演变特别是欧盟崛起的无视或误读尤其是布什政府采取的“美国主义”或单边主义的国际与欧洲战略,刺激或促成了法、德等欧盟主要国家在伊拉克战争中对一种成长中的“欧洲立场”的理论阐释与政治表达。但是,欧盟的首要目标仍然是实现欧美双边合作关系的强化而不是弱化,在此前提下逐步将其从传统的“跨大西洋联盟”关系转变为一种竞争、补充和合作相结合的平等伙伴关系,因而并不希望看到双边关系由于某一议题分歧而出现实质意义上的分裂与对立。     

Power and transformational and transactional leadership in public and private organizations

Ten public and 35 private organizations located in Central New York State participated in a university- sponsored research project to study the effects of organizational characteristics upon types of leadership (transformational/transactional) and power demonstrated by supervisors. Public sector organizations in which managers had low control over rewards were compared to private sector organizations in which managers had high control over rewards.

Followers perceived public sector supervisors as more inspirational by their followers and they used more active management-by-exception behavior than those in private organizations. Private sector supervisors had more reward, legitimate and coercive power than supervisors in public sector organizations.     

Natural Resources and Small Island Economies: Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract

Historically, small economies, especially resource-rich ones, underperformed on average relative to their larger counterparts. Small island economies appear still more disadvantaged due to remoteness from both markets and agglomeration economies. Yet a comparison of two small island economies with similar initial conditions other than their mineral endowment suggests that policy outweighs size, isolation and resource endowment in determining economic performance. Resource-poor Mauritius adopted an unfashionable policy of export manufacturing that systematically eliminated surplus labour, which drove economic diversification that sustained rapid GDP growth and political maturation. Like most resource-rich economies, Trinidad and Tobago pursued policies that absorbed rent too rapidly, which impeded diversification and created an illusory prosperity vulnerable to collapse.     

Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians and why Novorossiya failed

This article discusses two inter-related issues. Firstly, the factors lying behind Russia's fervent belief that its Novorossiya (New Russia) project, aimed to bring back to Russia eight oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhhya, Odesa, Mykolayiv, and Kherson in eastern and southern Ukraine and launched during the 2014 “Russian Spring,” would be successful. Russian identity misunderstood, and continues to misunderstand, Ukraine and Ukrainians through stereotypes and myths of Ukraine as an “artificial state” and Ukraine's Russian speakers as “fraternal brothers” and Russians and Ukrainians as “one people” (odin narod). Secondly, why Ukrainian national identity was different than these Russian stereotypes and myths and how this led to the failure of the Novorossiya project. Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians came face to face with the reality of Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriotism and their low support for the Russkij Mir (Russian World). The article compares Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians with how Ukrainians see themselves to explain the roots of the 2014 crisis, “Russian Spring,” and failure of Russian President Vladimir Putin's Novorossiya project.     

现代化与未成年人犯罪

未成人犯罪随着现代化的发展而发展，这可以说是一种国际现象。在现代化进程中，我国未成年人犯罪大量增多的原因在于：未成年人生理、心理发展不平衡，家庭教育存在缺失，学校教育存在不足，社会上存在着很多消极因素。在现代化进程中，必须采取有效对策，控制未成年人犯罪增多，才能保障未成年人健康成长。     

Earnings and ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago

This study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP) data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the determinants of earnings by ethnicity. The data, organised into three ethnic groupings, reveal lower levels of remuneration in the labour market for Africans and Indians than for individuals of other ethnicities taken as a whole. While the larger portion of the earnings differentials generally appears to be explained by ethnic differences in characteristics valued by the labour market, Africans and Indians would benefit substantially if they were to receive the same rates of remuneration for their educational endowments as workers of other ethnicities in the Trinidad and Tobago labour market. Notwithstanding Indians’ lowest average earnings, Africans appear more likely to be discriminated against.     

Country size and economic growth and development

This paper attempts to provide limited empirical evidence on the nature of the relationship between country size and rates of economic growth and levels of economic development, and on the possible effects of trade concentration and dependence on trade on this relationship. It suggests that there is no discernible association between country size and economic development, nor between country size and economic growth, and that neither the dependence on trade of small countries nor their commodity and geographic export concentration are necessarily important factors in economic growth and economic development.     

Government and Corruption: Scylla and Charybdis

Using public sector employment and corruption perception data for 72 countries across the world, this article demonstrates that despite common notion countries with “smaller” governments do not tend to have lower corruption. Under general assumptions, one can demonstrate that there is an optimal size of public sector employment corresponding to the highest capital intensity. The model has several implications: lower optimal sizes of governments for labor intensive countries and higher sizes for capital intensive ones, possibility to reduce corruption paying a cost of suboptimal output, and a higher “price” of an oversized government for labor intensive countries.     

“两抢”犯罪的趋势与防控

根据最近16年的统计数据，我国“两抢”犯罪总体呈上升态势，且出现多方面的特点。当前，影响“两抢”犯罪变化趋势的因素主要有：社会管理机制完善的程度、社会成员之间收入的差距、“两抢”犯罪主体特点、社会成员的防范意识以及公安机关的防控机制等。预防“两抢”犯罪需要整个社会尤其是公安机关的共同努力。