南非共和国政府等诉格鲁特布案——法院在保护经济和社会权利中的角色

经济和社会权利的可诉性问题一直是人权领域非常有争议的问题，但近些年来南非宪法法院从司法实践的角度对这个理论问题所作的问答非常引人瞩目，它在2001年判决的Grootboom案现在已经被广泛视为是证明经济和社会权利具有可诉性的里程碑式案件。本文将结合Grootboom案与理论界的争论对实现经济和社会权利可诉性的可能性和限度问题作初步的探讨。     

经济、社会和文化权利可诉性问题探析

我国自2001年批准加入《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》以来，有关经济、社会和文化权利是否具有可诉性的问题一直存在争论。近年来，经济、社会和文化权利具有可诉性的观点开始得到越来越多的国家的支持。立足于我国国情，从多方面完善经济、社会和文化权利保障制度，并在对经济、社会和文化权利进行分层分类的基础上，探索经济、社会和文化权利可诉性的理论和制度，将是法律制度发展的一条可行道路。     

经济和社会权利保障的理想与现实

经济和社会权利是世界人权宣言规定的一类重要人权 ,但相对于公民权利和政治权利而言 ,这是一类在政治和法律上被严重边缘化的权利。在权利理论中 ,对经济和社会权利的“权利和人权”属性一直存在着强烈的怀疑论 ,这种怀疑论的核心就是怀疑经济和社会权利的可诉性。但是近些年来 ,国际各种人权体制以及部分国家的实践证明 ,实行经济和社会权利的可诉性在一定程度上是完全可行的。     

论社会、经济权利的可诉性——国际法与宪法视角透析

社会、经济权利的可诉性是人权领域争论激烈的重大理论问题.不可诉理论宣称,社会、经济权利不是法律权利,社会、经济权利概念模糊不清,社会、经济权利仅是积极权利,社会、经济权利实施昂贵且相互冲突,司法裁决社会、经济权利违反分权原则,因而社会、经济权利不具可诉性.不可诉理论有其特定历史根源且具一定的合理性和合法性.但是,这种自由主义权利观随着经济、政治、文化以及人权本身的巨大发展早已不合时宜,社会、经济权利的可诉性是社会、经济权利发展的必然结果.     

论经济、社会和文化权利的可诉性

传统人权观念认为经济、社会和文化权利不属于普遍性的个人权利,在救济方式上不赋予该权利体系以司法适用性。在权利理论中,对经社文权利的"权利和人权"属性一直存在着强烈的怀疑,这种怀疑的核心就是经社文权利的可诉性问题。目前,人们逐渐认识到作为整体的人的各种权利具有相互关联性,无法脱离其中的一类权利来抽象地保护另一类权利。近些年来,国际各种人权体制以及部分国家的实践证明,经社文权利的可诉性在一定程度上是完全可行的。     

受教育权可诉性新论

受教育权是享有和实现其他权利的基础性权利或“授权性”权利。本文提出了判断受教育权可诉性的标准,从受教育权可诉性的阙如、可司法性和多样性方面系统考察了受教育权在全球层面、区域层面、外国层面的衍生和发展,并在查明中国受教育权可诉性现状的基础上探讨了中国提升受教育权可诉性的现实途径。     

医疗损害责任制度改革

尽管法学界对基本权利的可诉性论证做了大量的努力，基本权利具有可诉性已成为主流观点，人民法院也做出了基本权利司法救济的初步尝试．但基本权利在多大程度上具有可诉性。人民法院应当在多大程度上对基本权利予以保护，亟需从宪政与人权理论上予以解释。基本权利可诉性程度首先体现在横向的广度即可诉基本权利的各种具体类型上。从横向方面的广度即可诉权利的种类来看，     

论受教育权的可诉性及其程度

受教育权的可诉性及其程度受到两个层次的理论和实践的深刻影响,一是国际法关于自由权和社会权的划分,二是国内法关于宪法权利和法律权利的区分。受教育权作为宪法权利,在自由权层面及形式平等方面具有直接的法律效力,具有可诉性;但在社会权层面,只有义务教育阶段的入学升学权和免费就学权具有可诉性。受教育权作为法律权利,其可诉性程度大大提高。平等主体之间的受教育权纠纷可由双方提起民事诉讼予以解决;但行政相对人向行政主体提起的行政诉讼则同样受到被侵害的受教育权性质的影响。     

浅析我国经济法可诉性立法的问题及对策

经济法作为社会主义法治国家的重要法律部门,是保障行为人各种经济权力的法律。在具体法律实践中,经济法实现对经济法权力的有效救济,保障经济法的各种权利,主要是看如何实现经济法可诉性问题。就目前情况来看,我国在法律体系、法律宋诉讼机制方面还存在着一些问题,因此研究我国经济法可诉性立法实现问题显得尤为重要。本文首先详细阐释了经济法可诉性的相关理论,进而提出了我国经济法可诉性立法存在的问题,最后针对问题提出了实现我国经济法可诉性的策略。     

《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》实施问题研究

随着人权法理论和实践的发展,人们逐渐改变了否定经济、社会和文化权利作为一项法定权利的观念,开始承认经社文权利与其他权利一样具有法律约束力,并在理论上取得了令人瞩目的突破。关于义务缺位论,根据国家义务的三分论,国家履行尊重的义务不再限于消极措施,而履行保护和实现的义务,也不一定要积极作为。因此,国家对人权保护承担的义务是多层次的,且无可逃遁。关于资源耗费论,并非所有的经社文权利需要耗用资源,更多情况下,实现经社文权利的最佳途径是使个人自由免受国家干预,或者通过个人自主地调配资源。关于逐步实现论,《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》对权利逐步实现的规定,其真正用意是要求无论缔约国贫富,都公平、有效、充分地利用资源,以一切适当方法在短期内实现权利。关于不可诉论,一国不提供司法补救,并不意味着该项权利具有不可审理的性质。形成经社文权利不可诉论断的原因,主要是裁决机构缺乏能力和意愿。而国内法院和区域性人权法院的司法判例,可作为经社文权利可诉性的最佳例证。时至今日,可以说人们多已从经社文权利是否可诉的讨论转移到更加细致的审判和执行的问题上。一方面,通过经济、社会和文化权利委员会的工作,进一步明确了《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》内容的规范性,和缔约国所负有的国家义务。另一方面,对于那些权利实际上不可诉的国家来讲,更重要的义务是如何使得权利可诉。     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.     

论述二十世纪九十年代美国的犯罪问题

在20世纪90年代,犯罪已成为美国社会所面临的一个严峻的问题。集团、枪支、烈性酒、毒品是引发犯罪的重要因素。各类犯罪影响了美国社会的正常秩序,给受害者带来了物质和精神上的痛苦。研究20世纪90年代美国的犯罪问题可以为我国今天打击、预防犯罪提供一些借鉴。