列宁关于引导农民走社会主义道路的探索--从《论粮食税》到《论合作社》

本文主要论述了列宁在从十月革命胜利后到他写作<论合作社>一文期间,关于在俄国经济文化比较落后的条件下如何引导农民向社会主义过渡的思想理论的发展演变过程,其中着重阐述了列宁在从<论粮食税>到<论合作社>期间关于这一道路的探索及其成果.文章认为,由于"直接过渡"思想和政策在实践中的失败,列宁和俄共(布)不得不采取一种通过新经济政策引导农民向社会主义"迂回"过渡的间接途径.但是由于新经济政策实施过程中遇到的一些问题和国内外形势的变化,列宁又进而开始探索如何引导农民通过合作社向社会主义直接过渡的问题.     

饶勒斯的社会主义思想评析

在饶勒斯的社会主义思想中既有积极因素,也有消极因素.他具有真诚的社会主义信念和对无产阶级事业的献身精神,严厉谴责资本主义制度和各种反动势力,为反对帝国主义战争进行了不懈斗争.但是,他在哲学思想上倾向于唯心主义和折衷主义,在政治策略上主张通过和平、渐进、改良的方法向社会主义过渡,支持米勒兰入阁;他不赞成伯恩施坦对马克思主义的全面否定,又力图调和马克思主义与修正主义之间的原则分歧.总的来说,他作为真诚的社会主义者和反对帝国主义战争的坚强战士,对法国以及世界社会主义运动作出了重要贡献.     

新经济政策的"道路"特征及其当代启示

新经济政策表明,作为先锋队党的俄共(布)开辟了通往社会主义的俄国道路.先锋队不能迁就群众,做群众的尾巴;作为探路者和领路人,它必须走在群众前面;但先锋队也不能脱离群众,只有团结群众,在群众中扎下根来,才能带领群众前进.新经济政策既是向社会主义迂回过渡的政策,又是通过文化革命造就社会主义新人的政策;它有机处理了应然与实然、进攻与退却、社会革命与自我革命、长远目标与近期规划的关系,为落后国家的共产党人开辟通往共产主义社会的道路提供了重要的方法论借鉴.在新的历史条件下重新审视新经济政策的经验教训,有助于更好地理解中国共产党的先锋队性质,更好地把握人类社会的未来.     

在传统与创新的契合点上--关于新经济政策的几个问题

如何利用和发展商业、市场、国家资本主义,是经济文化落后的社会主义国家需要认真对待和解决的问题,以列宁为代表的俄共(布)通过实施新经济政策对这一问题进行了艰辛的探索,理论联系实际,比较好地解决了这个问题.     

俄罗斯联邦共产党纲领

俄罗斯联邦共产党的纲领最早是在1995年1月俄共第三次代表大会上通过的,1997年4月俄共第四次代表大会和2002年1月俄共第八次代表大会作了修改。2008年11月29日—12月1日,俄共召开了第十三次代表大会,对党纲作了比较大的修改,新修改的党纲篇幅比原来少了1/4,删去了不少过时的内容,根据新的形势增加了新的内容。这次全文译出,以供研究者参考。需要指出的是,本译文参考了由彭晓宇翻译、李兴耕校译的原俄罗斯联邦共产党纲领的译文(见刘淑春等《当代俄罗斯政党》中央编译出版社2006年版第446—465页),原纲领中保留下来的内容基本上采用了他们的译文。     

普京执政以来俄共的新探索及其困境

本文分析了普京执政以来俄共在内外政策和工作重心方面的新调整,即:对普京从期望到失望;斗争目标从幻想到现实;工作重心从上层转向下层,不断探索在新形势下实现重掌政权、复兴社会主义的目标和手段.在此基础上,文章探讨了俄共目前日益严峻的困境,分析了其内外原因,并展望了俄共的前景和未来走势.     

从苏共自身文化建设问题看苏联解体

马克思主义政党历来重视自身文化建设,列宁的党建思想特别是其后期提出的文化革命理论是专门就俄共(布)党"文化力量"的缺失而提出的。但是,长期以来,这一问题在苏共历史上没有得到很好的解决。苏共丧权、苏联社会主义失败无不与其长期忽视自身文化建设和文化能力提升有关。     

20世纪20年代初俄共(布)党员干部的特殊化

十月革命胜利后,随着俄共(布)执政局面的逐步稳定,随着权力体制的集中,苏联领导干部的特殊化日益明显,少数领导干部富有的特殊待遇与广大人民群众的物质生活差距逐渐拉大。这种特权化在斯大林及其以后时期大肆蔓延,产生了一系列消极后果。     

列宁时期俄共(布)党内关于苏维埃建设问题的几次民主争论

苏维埃政权成立初期,对社会主义的具体认识以及如何建设社会主义的问题非常现实地摆在了列宁和俄共(布)面前。当时,党内就布列斯特和约的签订、国家资本主义、官僚主义和工会问题进行了广泛的民主争论。党内争论不仅解决了苏维埃政权成立之初亟待解决的许多问题,而且体现了列宁一直坚持的党内民主原则。     

后叶利钦时代的俄共--从俄共七大看俄共反对派角色的"微调"

在叶利钦时代,俄共在内外政策方面进行了一系列调整.一方面调整其内部工作重心,另一方面调整其外部斗争的策略.俄共之所以出现这种变化,是出于主客观方面因素的考虑.尽管如此,面对现实,俄共还是陷入了两难境地.     

Power and transformational and transactional leadership in public and private organizations

Ten public and 35 private organizations located in Central New York State participated in a university- sponsored research project to study the effects of organizational characteristics upon types of leadership (transformational/transactional) and power demonstrated by supervisors. Public sector organizations in which managers had low control over rewards were compared to private sector organizations in which managers had high control over rewards.

Followers perceived public sector supervisors as more inspirational by their followers and they used more active management-by-exception behavior than those in private organizations. Private sector supervisors had more reward, legitimate and coercive power than supervisors in public sector organizations.     

Natural Resources and Small Island Economies: Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract

Historically, small economies, especially resource-rich ones, underperformed on average relative to their larger counterparts. Small island economies appear still more disadvantaged due to remoteness from both markets and agglomeration economies. Yet a comparison of two small island economies with similar initial conditions other than their mineral endowment suggests that policy outweighs size, isolation and resource endowment in determining economic performance. Resource-poor Mauritius adopted an unfashionable policy of export manufacturing that systematically eliminated surplus labour, which drove economic diversification that sustained rapid GDP growth and political maturation. Like most resource-rich economies, Trinidad and Tobago pursued policies that absorbed rent too rapidly, which impeded diversification and created an illusory prosperity vulnerable to collapse.     

Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians and why Novorossiya failed

This article discusses two inter-related issues. Firstly, the factors lying behind Russia's fervent belief that its Novorossiya (New Russia) project, aimed to bring back to Russia eight oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhhya, Odesa, Mykolayiv, and Kherson in eastern and southern Ukraine and launched during the 2014 “Russian Spring,” would be successful. Russian identity misunderstood, and continues to misunderstand, Ukraine and Ukrainians through stereotypes and myths of Ukraine as an “artificial state” and Ukraine's Russian speakers as “fraternal brothers” and Russians and Ukrainians as “one people” (odin narod). Secondly, why Ukrainian national identity was different than these Russian stereotypes and myths and how this led to the failure of the Novorossiya project. Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians came face to face with the reality of Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriotism and their low support for the Russkij Mir (Russian World). The article compares Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians with how Ukrainians see themselves to explain the roots of the 2014 crisis, “Russian Spring,” and failure of Russian President Vladimir Putin's Novorossiya project.     

现代化与未成年人犯罪

未成人犯罪随着现代化的发展而发展，这可以说是一种国际现象。在现代化进程中，我国未成年人犯罪大量增多的原因在于：未成年人生理、心理发展不平衡，家庭教育存在缺失，学校教育存在不足，社会上存在着很多消极因素。在现代化进程中，必须采取有效对策，控制未成年人犯罪增多，才能保障未成年人健康成长。     

Earnings and ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago

This study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP) data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the determinants of earnings by ethnicity. The data, organised into three ethnic groupings, reveal lower levels of remuneration in the labour market for Africans and Indians than for individuals of other ethnicities taken as a whole. While the larger portion of the earnings differentials generally appears to be explained by ethnic differences in characteristics valued by the labour market, Africans and Indians would benefit substantially if they were to receive the same rates of remuneration for their educational endowments as workers of other ethnicities in the Trinidad and Tobago labour market. Notwithstanding Indians’ lowest average earnings, Africans appear more likely to be discriminated against.     

Country size and economic growth and development

This paper attempts to provide limited empirical evidence on the nature of the relationship between country size and rates of economic growth and levels of economic development, and on the possible effects of trade concentration and dependence on trade on this relationship. It suggests that there is no discernible association between country size and economic development, nor between country size and economic growth, and that neither the dependence on trade of small countries nor their commodity and geographic export concentration are necessarily important factors in economic growth and economic development.     

Government and Corruption: Scylla and Charybdis

Using public sector employment and corruption perception data for 72 countries across the world, this article demonstrates that despite common notion countries with “smaller” governments do not tend to have lower corruption. Under general assumptions, one can demonstrate that there is an optimal size of public sector employment corresponding to the highest capital intensity. The model has several implications: lower optimal sizes of governments for labor intensive countries and higher sizes for capital intensive ones, possibility to reduce corruption paying a cost of suboptimal output, and a higher “price” of an oversized government for labor intensive countries.     

“两抢”犯罪的趋势与防控

根据最近16年的统计数据，我国“两抢”犯罪总体呈上升态势，且出现多方面的特点。当前，影响“两抢”犯罪变化趋势的因素主要有：社会管理机制完善的程度、社会成员之间收入的差距、“两抢”犯罪主体特点、社会成员的防范意识以及公安机关的防控机制等。预防“两抢”犯罪需要整个社会尤其是公安机关的共同努力。