WTO反倾销法与反不正当竞争法的冲突与协调

反倾销法和竞争法都是价格歧视加以规制的法律,前者规制外国公司以不正常的低价进入本国市场的行为,后者则适用于国内市场.虽然从传统理论上看,二者相互补充,相得益彰,都是维护市场竞争秩序的法律制度.但其实二者从保护对象和目标,到具体的实施细则都存在着巨大的差异.本文将具体研究WTO框架下反倾销与竞争法的冲突及协调.     

浅析WTO竞争与协调机制下的中国竞争法

加入WTO后,中国经济将逐步走向全方位开放,民族产业将面临来自全球的挑战以及国际竞争中的各种贸易壁垒。在中国企业走出去的道路上,如何适应国际竞争规则,有效利用WTO框架下国际竞争规则协调机制来保护和促进我国民族工业的国际化发展,成为我国国内竞争法立法必需面对的问题。建立和完善同WTO竞争协调机制相适应的竞争法,不仅是促进我国对外贸易发展的需要,同时也是中国履行加入WTO承诺的必然要求。     

欧盟环境政策与竞争法的关系探析及启示

随着环境问题日益受到国际社会的重视 ,作为欧盟经济一体化法律保障的欧盟竞争法越来越受到环境保护浪潮的影响。尽管欧盟的环境政策与竞争法存在一定的冲突 ,但协调是主旋律 ,环境保护因素已经融入欧盟竞争法的实施中。欧盟环境政策和竞争法的相互作用为我国加入WTO ,应付环境与贸易竞争的挑战以启示 :加强国内环境保护 ,提高国际竞争力 ;完善竞争法 ,配合环境政策实施其功能。     

欧洲共同体竞争法实施过程中面临的冲突及对策

竞争法是欧共体法律体系中影响较大的一个部门。它的形成与发展,使共同体内并存着两种相互独立的竞争法及其执行机制。因此,竞争法在实施过程中,出现了一系列的冲突和矛盾。共同体通过二次立法,采取了一系列相应的措施:重新调整竞争法主管机构的权限,平衡竞争法管辖上的矛盾;确立共同体竞争法的效力优于成员国竞争法的原则,协调共同体竞争法适用上的冲突;加强竞争法实施的国际合作,化解欧共体竞争法域外适用过程中产生的困难。这些措施有效地清除了竞争法实施的障碍,推动了欧洲经济一体化的进程。     

竞争法构成体系的比较——试论反垄断法与反不正当竞争法的差别

竞争法作为调整市场竞争关系的法律规范,是经济法的核心。反不正当竞争法与反垄断法两大构成体系之间有着密切的关系,但在立法思想、性质特点、调整角度等诸方面存在着较大的差异。着眼于竞争法总体框架的比较研究,对当前我国在WTO规则背景下的竞争制度立法具有现实意义。     

从欧盟竞争法看中国的反垄断法

中国加入WTO后 ,面临着和世界经济全面接轨 ,却存在着一个巨大的法律真空 ,即缺乏对竞争机制的全面有效保护。无论是从生存还是发展的角度出发 ,中国都急需制订一部竞争法。欧盟竞争法虽然来源于美国反垄断法的思想 ,但是它吸收了其内部成员国的国内法的合理内核 ,同时兼顾两大法系的协调问题 ,顺应竞争法的新的发展趋势。毫无疑问 ,欧盟竞争法对于中国的反垄断立法具有一定的启示和借鉴意义     

世贸组织框架下反补贴制度与竞争政策的协调

针对世贸组织反补贴制度与竞争政策的冲突问题，笔者认为，在目前竞争法尚未建立起有效的国际协调机制的情况下，协调世贸组织反补贴制度与竞争政策的冲突的最佳途径是，将竞争法的有关原则融入到反补贴制度中，消除其中反竞争或限制竞争的条款，使反补贴制度能更多的考虑到竞争的需要，加强它们积极的一面，使它们尽可能地相互一致和相互促进。     

反倾销法的性质与演进之分析--从WTO竞争法设立的角度

反倾销法属于贸易法的范畴还是竞争法的范畴取决于对反倾销法的本质与功能的认识。从本质上来说,由于反倾销法是调整跨国竞争关系的法律规范,应属于竞争法的范畴,但由于它所具有的贸易保护主义的功用,又经常被认定为贸易法的组成部分。当经济的全球化发展要求在WTO框架下设立独立的竞争规则的时候,反倾销法应回归到竞争法中去,以利于国际竞争法整体规则的建立,并从根本上解决目前反倾销理论及运用中所产生的各种问题。     

从案例看WTO如何处理RTA争端管辖权问题

近年来兴起的区域贸易安排,虽然对国际贸易不无贡献,但是对世贸组织(WTO)所构建的多边贸易体制亦产生了诸多冲击,争端管辖冲突问题就是其中一例.首先介绍WTO与RTA管辖冲突以及协调原则,此后基于墨西哥饮料案这一涉及管辖冲突的WTO法律实践进行了法律分析,最后就当前在RTA谈判实践中应当如何处理争端管辖冲突问题提出建议.     

国际环境法领域借鉴WTO争端解决机制之法律思考

WTO作为一个成熟的国际组织给国际环境法领域带来的启示是,如何将国际环境保护的法律规范形成一个内部协调统一的体系.本文从WTO条约体系和DSB争端解决机制两个角度分析WTO框架给国际环境法带来的启示.     

中国统一企业所得税制改革评析

与现行的内资和外资企业所得税制相比较,中国新近颁布的统一《企业所得税法》贯彻了公平税负、内外资企业平等竞争的原则,体现了进一步规范税制和与国际税收惯例接轨,充分发挥企业所得税优惠在优化国民经济结构、鼓励产业和技术升级、促进社会和谐和可持续发展方面的调控作用,以及加强对各种避税行为的控制防范等特点,但也存在着若干有待于进一步研究完善的问题。     

现代国际法的多样化、碎片化与有序化

现代国际法的发展呈现出新的趋势:一方面,国际立法活动日益活跃,法律规范越来越多样化;另一方面,各种规范之间的冲突加剧,国际法的体系结构越来越碎片化。这种现象损害了国际法的权威性和可预见性,也给国际关系增加了不稳定的因素。有必要在《维也纳条约法公约》的框架内,通过国际组织间的合作和国家间的协调来寻求解决规范冲突的办法,提高国际法的有序化程度。     

Erasing the misunderstanding on China��s Anti-Monopoly Law: A comparative study

As to the development of global competition law, China’s Anti-Monopoly Law (AML), being considered as a milestone for legalizing the institution of Chinese socialist market economy, has attracted a lot of attention from international communities. To improve the AML, it depends on self-constructing anti-monopoly law and absorbs foreign experiences by way of heated comments on the AML from international society and similar situations of China’s AML to the US Antitrust Law and the EU Competition Law.     

论欧盟金融服务法中的最低限度协调原则

在欧盟金融服务法中,最低限度协调原则是指共同体立法只对各成员国金融监管规则的基本要素进行协调.这一原则尊重了成员国的国家主权,有助于降低金融服务市场一体化的政策成本,并能够充分发挥市场机制的作用以促成最优的监管标准.<欧共体条约>中的特别协调条款是这一原则的直接依据,金融服务指令中的协调条款是其集中体现.最低限度协调原则只适用于符合共同利益的非歧视性限制措施.在其适用范围内,各成员国只能进行执行性立法.该原则的确立和推行是以相互承认为核心、以母国控制为表现形式的一体化模式成功运用的必然结果.晚近的立法实践表明,这一原则有被边缘化的危险.     

Global Legal Interaction and Legal Cultures

Abstract . The legal discourse of a steadily growing European legal community and universal legal harmonization is misleading since it abstracts completely from the cultural dimension of law which consist of patterns of interpretation and behavioral routines with respect to law. The article makes use of abundant literature in administrative sciences, international management research and socio-psychological studies in Intercultural Communication in order to propose indicators for a comparison of legal cultures in the areas of European legal integration, international commercial transactions and international lawyering.     

国际银行破产法律冲突的若干问题研究

与一般企业甚至跨国公司的破产不同 ,国际银行破产具有很强的“公共敏感性” ,因此常常伴随更多的监管干预。同时 ,大型金融集团的出现和并表监管原则的实施使得国际银行破产法与传统破产法所主张的地域性原则有着明显的法律冲突。这既包括管辖权冲突、单一实体制度与独立实体制度间的冲突 ,也包括法律适用及破产程序与协助上的冲突。针对上述冲突 ,我们应遵循国际合作、考虑银行破产特殊性、灵活与务实等原则 ,从法律礼让、国内破产体制的完善、国际合作与协调等层面寻求解决冲突的途径和方法。     

Trade Liberalization and Regulatory Diversity: Reconciling Competitive Markets with Competitive Politics

This paper questions the more extreme or indiscriminate claims for international harmonization or policy convergence with respect to many areas of within-the-border domestic policy diversity. The welfare implications, both domestic and global, of policy harmonization or convergence are highly ambiguous in many contexts. Proponents of more extreme forms of international harmonization of domestic policies also severely discount the importance of competitive governments and politics as a form of demand revelation. A third premise is the distinction between unilateralism and contractarianism, which argues for the adoption of ground-rules in international trade treaties that minimize the extent to which harmonization can be induced by judicial fiat on the one hand, or threats of unilateral sanctions on the other. A final premise is that despite the achievements of the European Union in promoting positive integration, the supranational institutional structures of the EU do not exist now or in the foreseeable future in other international trade and investment contexts, which severely limits the transferability of the EU experience, and argues instead for an elaboration of the negative integration approach that has historically characterized the position of the GATT on NTB's.In the light of these premises, the paper then goes on to examine objections by countries of destination to domestic policies of countries of origin, including (a) anti-dumping duties; (b) competition/anti-trust: export cartels; (c) subsidies and countervailing duties; (d) environmental policies; (e) labour standards.The paper then reverses the perspective and examines objections by countries of origin to domestic policies of countries of destination, including (a) domestic subsidies; (b) competition/anti-trust policies; (c) intellectual property; (d) health, safety, environmental, and conservation measures.The paper concludes by arguing for a refined principle of National Treatment, with appropriately defined exceptions thereto as the framework for evaluating allegations of non-tariff barriers with respect to domestic policy measures beyond or within a particular country's borders. While this conclusion would not, of course, preclude negotiations among countries for mutually beneficial forms of harmonization of domestic policies, it would seek to minimize the threat points that each country brings to these negotiations so as to reduce the risk of coerced forms of harmonization reflecting asymmetric bargaining power, or worse, coerced forms of discriminatory managed trade arrangements.     

Technical Cooperation and the International Coordination of Patentability of Biotechnological Inventions

Within the formal international framework, the coordination and harmonization of substantive patentability is currently of a limited nature, confined to the level of general principles, in contrast to the greater degree of procedural coordination. This involves increased costs and a lack of legal certainty for those seeking patents in multiple jurisdictions, mainly transnational corporations in some research-based industries such as pharmaceuticals. The problems encountered in achieving even a basic level of international consensus have encouraged informal cooperation through what could be conceptualized as 'global patent networks'. Furthermore, the interrelationship between procedural and substantive patent law issues has led the Trilateral Patent Offices, an informal, transgovernmental regulatory network of technical specialists, to undertake projects relating to the harmonization of procedural and substantive patent law issues primarily in contentious areas of patentability such as biotechnology. This raises the possibility of developing convergent interpretations of the patentability rules, although with implications for accountability and legitimacy.     

全球治理与国际竞争法的网络模式

由于新自由主义理论的勃兴和市场机制的内在张力,国际社会步入了国际化市场经济阶段。国际化市场经济要求国际社会建立国际竞争机制解决国际市场失灵。在"洛克式"的国际体系下,借助全球治理理论建立一个多层次的国际竞争治理网络模式是国际社会现实的选择。多层次的国际竞争治理网络模式可以借鉴经济学的联邦财政理论和体制竞争理论确定各个层次的管辖权划分。     

从世贸组织争端解决机制谈国际法效力的强化

国际法一直以来都是以“软法”、“弱法”的形式出现,努力加强国际法的拘束力,以有效解决国际争端,是国际法发展的一个方向。世贸组织争端解决机制作为一个司法性国际争端解决机制,不论是其制度设计,还是其司法实践,都体现了国际法拘束力不断加强的发展趋势。