美国行政赦免制度及其对死刑执行的限制

赦免是各国以外在于司法制度的方法干预司法的一项制度.美国行政赦免制度是美国行政干预司法的制度.美国联邦和部分州保留了死刑,其行政赦免在限制死刑执行中曾经起到了极其重要的作用.虽然自上世纪70年代以来,美国行政赦免在限制死刑执行中的运用已变得较为少见,但其仍是一个有效的限制死刑执行的制度.     

EULEX and the fight against organised crime in Kosovo: what’s the record?

Staffed by international police officers, prosecutors and judges, EULEX was mandated to strengthen Kosovo’s domestic rule-of-law institutions and endowed with executive authority to ensure that high-level criminal cases, including organised crime, are properly investigated and prosecuted. Yet, after more than nine years of operation, EULEX has proven largely ineffective in using its executive authority to counter organised crime and its capacity-building efforts have not led to significant local improvements in this area. Insufficient framework conditions shaped by years of impunity for politico-criminal power structures prevent capacity-building efforts from taking effect as local rule-of-law institutions remain hesitant and timid to investigate and prosecute high-level criminals. It is argued that EULEX’s own conduct and weak executive performance has severely undermined the mission’s efforts to strengthen local law enforcement through capacity-building.     

行政执法权全面下移的组织法回应

虽然行政执法权全面下移工作已然铺开,但我国现有法律规范体系并未为其提供充足的规范基础,既有的行政组织结构及其相应规则也没有为镇街有效承接执法权做好充分准备。行政执法权全面下移依然承受着合法性与有效性的双重考问。以《行政处罚法》为框架的分析思路,并不能为消弭质疑提供有力支撑。行政执法权全面下移带来了镇街行政法身份、规模与组织形式、与区县人民政府职能部门的关系等方面的变化。这些变化意味着行政执法权全面下移属于执法权配置的结构性变迁,因而只能在组织法框架下探寻其解决之道。具体而言,应当通过《地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法》的修改赋予镇街执法主体资格,在此基础上以行政法规、地方性法规等形式安排镇街机构设置与人员编制,理顺镇街执法与县(市、区)职能部门的关系,并为镇街执法提供必要的财政保障。     

美国联邦政府的煤矿安全生产监管制度研究

中美两国都是世界上最主的煤炭生产国和消费国.但是,两国的煤矿安全状况却存在较大差异.除了煤炭产业结构、技术水平和资源禀赋等因素之外,煤矿安全监管法治建设也是导致这一差异的重原因.美国煤矿安全生产立法经历多轮修订,不断纠正历次重大煤矿事故暴露出的监管缺陷,建立起独立高效的煤矿安全监管体系,完善煤矿安全监察和事故调查程序,优化了法律责任和执法机制.此外,煤矿安全监察员和煤矿从业人员的强制培训制度,也可以有效加强监管机构的监管能力和监管对象的合规水平.而美国矿山安全和健康委员会独立负责的行政复议,有效保障了对行政执法行为的纠错和对相对人的救济功能.这些经验值得中国参考借鉴.     

试论社会保障的法律保护

社会保障法律的制定,还需要强有力的行政执法手段将其贯彻落实。社会保障行政执法行为的主体是各级劳动和社会保障行政部门及法律授权行使社会保障行政管理职能的组织。据此本文提出了社会保障行政执法的主要措施、劳动和社会保障行政执法的主要形式、劳动和社会保障行政执法活动的行政监督、社会保障争议仲裁。通过社会保障的行政执法保护,使公民的社会保障权确实得到解决。     

Bus interdiction efforts by the police:<Emphasis Type="Italic">United States v. Drayton</Emphasis>

The Supreme Court recently addressed the constitutionality of police interdiction efforts when conducting bus sweeps. The Court held that law enforcement officers are not required by the Fourth Amendment to “advise bus passengers of their right not to cooperate and to refuse consent to searches” (U.S. v. Drayton, 2002, p. 2107). The decision may have implications for how the judicial branch will balance the needs of law enforcement against citizen freedoms in the post-September 11th era. This article explores the surrounding legal issues, the case opinion, and policy implications of this case.     

中国区际警务执法合作的建构过程与特征初探

中国的区际警务执法合作是在四个互不隶属的法域、三种不同的法系、两种不同的政治社会制度中进行,尽管各法域的历史过程有所不同形成了文化区别,但都植根于中华文化文明,所以,构建过程中依赖共同文化底蕴和民族生存与发展的需要。经过30多年努力地孕育和开拓,从相互隔绝到接触、碰撞、磨合,达到今天的互信,构建了具有中国特色的区际警务执法合作机制,并基本适应了维护各地社会治安稳定的需要。     

美国宪法禁酒令的立与废——兼谈美国进步主义时期的法制变迁

美国宪法第18条修正案要求美国全国禁酒,但是实施不久,又被第21条修正案所废止。禁酒令是与当时美国工业化、城市化带来的社会转型,以及朝野上下为解决社会转型中的矛盾和问题而开展的进步运动紧密联系在一起的。而这一立一废,带给我们对于公共利益与个人自由、法律与道德、立法与执法等关系的思考。美国进步主义时期的国家权力结构和公民权利结构都进行了调整,法律自身也发生了许多变化。     

当前行政执法监督面临的问题与对策

实施依法行政,规范行政执法,加强对行政执法的监督,在保护行政相对人的合法权益,提高行政效率,重塑政府形象等方面有着重要意义。我国虽然已初步建立了行政执法监督体系,但目前尚不能很好地发挥作用,其面临的主要问题是:人大的监督缺乏有效性,行政主体的内部监督作用有限,社会监督软弱无力,司法监督流于形式。对此,应采取强化人大监督,对内部行政监督制度进行改革,增强社会监督的作用,进一步发挥司法监督的效能等措施加以完善。     

论中国石油行业的反垄断法适用

中国《反垄断法》实施之后,面临对"国有经济占控制地位的关系国民经济命脉和国家安全的行业以及依法实行专营专卖的行业"适用的问题。以石油行业为例,通过反"行政垄断"来推动石油行业的反垄断不应是主导的指向,应当廓清"行政垄断"与依法管制之间的界限,在正确认识石油行业管制体制的形成的前提下,确立政府管制与反垄断法规制之间的协调原则,从结构和行为两个方面有效推进石油行业的反垄断适用。     

The case of two trials: Father-son incest

Although efforts for investigating and prosecuting child abuse cases have increased little attention has been paid to juror response to child testimony. This paper, developed as part of a pilot study to test a questionnaire for polling jurors' opinions in child sexual abuse cases, analyzes a case in which there was a reversal of outcome at retrial. Poll results of the jurors' opinions suggest the need for testimony from law enforcement and child sexual abuse experts to explain children's perception, memory, and recall of a reported experience.     

The Criminal Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in China: Recent Developments and Implications

This article systematically introduces and analyzes a number of aspects of the criminal enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPR) in China, focusing on recent trends and developments. China has been under tremendous pressure from the US to expand the criminalization of its IP infringement. The article first summarizes the substantive criminal law regarding IP offenses in China and describes the main enforcement agencies and judicial organs responsible for the investigation and processing of IP crimes. Analysis of the substantive criminal IP law and enforcement practices shows a steady pattern of rapid criminalization, not only on the books but also in action. Newly promulgated judicial interpretations and notices substantially expand criminalization of IP infringements. In addition, the enforcement rates of IP and related crimes have been rising consistently and rapidly. There have also been numerous joint meetings, information exchanges, issuance of provisions, collaborative “strike-hard” enforcement campaigns and other major efforts initiated by the police, the prosecutors, and administrative agencies to facilitate agency cooperation and strengthen the criminal enforcement of IPR. However, accompanying this rapid criminalization of IP infringement control are serious problems rooted in the Chinese criminal judicial system, including local protectionism, the lack of respect for procedural justice as well as the protection of defendants’ basic rights, and inadequate training, professional incompetence, misconduct, or corruption.     

What the Trial Judge Needs to Know about the Convention of 23 November 2007 on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance

Since the 1950s, there have been several international multi‐lateral treaties for recognition and enforcement of child and spousal support orders. They operated, primarily, in civil law countries where “creditor‐based jurisdiction” allowed establishment of an order in the country of habitual residence of the child or the custodial parent. The United States, requiring “minimum contacts” with the debtor to establish personal jurisdiction, could not be a party to such agreements. For nearly fifty years the U.S., and a few states, sought to fill the need for international reciprocity by negotiating individual country‐to‐country or state‐to‐country arrangements. With ratification of the 2007 Family Maintenance Convention, the United States was finally able to join in a multi‐lateral treaty. The treaty took effect in the United States on January 1, 2017, establishing procedures for international recognition, enforcement and modification of family support orders with 35 other countries already party to the Convention (including the entire European Union). The grand bargain struck during the negotiations between 2003 and 2007 was that the U.S. would honor a foreign order if, under the facts presented, there were sufficient minimum contacts with the debtor that would have supported personal jurisdiction if the order had been entered in any state in the U.S. If unable to recognize a foreign order, the U.S. agreed to take steps to issue a new one. The treaty establishes administrative procedures that, in many respects, are nearly identical to interstate enforcement of domestic support orders in this country. But there are also aspects of the treaty that are entirely new and warrant explanation for family and juvenile court judges. This article focuses on several unique provisions of the treaty that judges and attorneys need to understand.     

The assessment of capable guardianship measures against bullying victimization in the school environment

Abstract

Policymakers, school officials and the law enforcement community have expanded legal tools and other strategies to address bullying in recent years. This has resulted in a larger and more challenging role for law enforcement officers working in school settings. The present study seeks to understand the ways in which local law enforcement officers interpret this new role and their efforts to prevent and respond to bullying. We draw upon Routine Activities Theory as a lens to view officer perceptions of promoting guardianship and reducing target suitability of young people most at-risk for bullying victimization. Data collected from qualitative interviews of law enforcement officers working with local schools, suggest that officers see a role for law enforcement in promoting guardianship around this health and safety concern, but recognize the limitations of using arrest authority. They emphasize promoting trust and building relationship in efforts to support potential and current bullying victims.     

公安机关刑事执法公开问题研究

通过15年的改革和发展，我国已经形成了刑事执法信息公开的原则、范围、内容、方式、时限、主体和监督救济渠道等相对完备的实施机制。但因为公安机关长期以来并没有信息公开的传统，要从神秘走向公开，还需要健全实施策略，改革公安机关信息公开法规的可操作性、公开责任的强制性、向公众公开的广泛性、公民知情权的可救济性。     

反垄断从宽处理制度及其中国化

反垄断从宽处理制度旨在减免公法责任以吸引卡特尔成员主动投案并揭发他人的违法事实,是国际上通行的一种发现和打击卡特尔的有效机制。从宽处理制度分为多种类型,其共同的先决条件有三个,即:提出申请、提供有效信息、完全配合反垄断执法机构的查处。中国具有与该制度相契合的传统法律土壤,也具备建构该制度的现实法律依据。但是,我国反垄断法律体系内部的冲突、执法权归属的模糊、行政法律责任的薄弱与缺失等因素,使得该制度在中国的实施面临隐忧。     

美国与欧洲竞争法的差异与联系

美国对于欧洲制定竞争法虽然产生了重要影响,但是欧洲竞争法根植于欧洲本土的反垄断法律思想,体现着大陆法系法律发展的特有特征,是与美国反托拉斯法在本质上相互区别的另一种法律模式.然而随着欧洲经济一体化的加速,欧盟竞争法日益呈现出司法化的倾向,在对竞争评价以及限制竞争效果的评估方式上呈现出趋同于美国反托拉斯法的倾向,并且积极引入竞争法私人执行机制,所以,二者之间之间在法律渊源、实施机制和垄断衡量标方面既存在着差异又具有一定的联系.     

公安机关实施知识产权刑事保护的对策思考

我国知识产权刑事保护面临国际与国内双重压力,形势严峻。公安机关作为刑事执法部门,应加大对知识产权领域犯罪的打击力度,但目前仍面临着刑事立法缺陷以及公安经侦自身条件、公安与行政执法、与国际刑事司法部门沟通协作方面的重重障碍。公安机关必须积极开展经侦基础理论研究,重塑侦查理念与侦查模式,密切与行政执法部门的协作关系,并不断拓展境内外知识产权执法合作空间。     

ATCA as an avenue of overseas environmental protection and its implication to China��s overseas investors

The U.S. federal courts have civil jurisdiction over some torts claims with respect to the violations of law of nations or treaties concluded by the U.S. under the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA). Although the applicable scope of ATCA is very narrow from a historical perspective, it has extended much broader nowadays. Seeking remedy for environmental damage under ATCA is difficult, but ATCA is playing an important role in indirectly protecting overseas environment. Under the circumstances, China??s overseas investors who are causing serious environmental problems in developing countries and have direct investment or operation in the U.S. could be subject to the U.S. courts?? jurisdiction.