Validating Niederhoffer's Cynicism Scale: The Case for Black Officers

Previous methodological reports in the literature about cynicism have concluded that the Niederhoffer Scale is unreliable and meaningless in predicting police officer behavior. The entire research has rested on small samples of white officers, despite the increasing presence of black officers in urban departments.

Past literature has examined the relationship between the cynicism scale and other attitudinal constructs. Despite the fact that the scale is intended to predict behavior, correlations between the scale and behavioral criterion variables have not been reported.

In this paper we present the results of conventional reliability analysis on a sample of black police union activists. The twenty item scale is resubjected to a five factor varimax solution. Only eight items are observed to reload on factors initially observed by Regoli (1976) and indicate little stability within internal factor configurations.     

Female Police Officers and Their Experiences: The Metropolitan Police of Buenos Aires Context

This research explores the experience of female police officers in the Metropolitan Police of Buenos Aires, which began providing public safety in 2010. The purpose of this research is to better understand the barriers and opportunities female officers are encountering in this new context of community policing in Latin America. With better understanding, law enforcement officials will be better equipped to ensure that female officers achieve at the highest levels in organizations. Responding female officers identified civic duty as a primary reason for joining the force. Female officers did not report significant levels of institutional discrimination but did report informal disparaging treatment, including sexual harassment. The results of this research suggest that as this young police force matures, officials should pay close attention to the emerging culture of the organization, as many common and negative aspects of it have already started to form.     

Polish Police Officers: Personality and Risk Taking

The present study was aimed at identifying the personality factors of Polish Officers preparing for the peace mission in Kosovo using Zuckerman`s Alternative Five Factor Model. The sample consisted of 86 policemen (Mage = 32.9 yr., SD = 4.5) and 58 low risk workers (Mage = 29.4 yr., SD = 5.3). It was found that policemen scored significantly higher on Impulsive Sensation Seeking in comparison to the control group. The policemen scores on other personality traits were more akin to those of the control group.     

论暴力犯罪死刑的未来走向

近几年来非暴力犯罪成为备受关注的热点问题,与此同时,暴力犯罪死刑问题逐步浮出水面并成为亟待深入研究的命题。经过分析,可以得知,暴力犯罪死刑具有典型性、有限性以及终极性,因而充分地反映出死刑制度在刑法典中的最终命运。推动全面废止暴力犯罪死刑,才能使得死刑最终走向消亡。     

The Challenges of Moving into Middle Management: Responses from Police Officers

The role of the middle manager is crucial to a police organization. Despite this, little research exists concerning the characteristics of effective police managers, or the role that the promotional process and/or training plays in identifying and developing effective managers. To examine these issues, 328 Canadian police officers were surveyed and interviews were conducted with an additional 50 police professionals. The results highlight: (1) the importance of management in achieving organizational goals, (2) key characteristics of effective managers and common mistakes managers make, and (3) concerns surrounding the promotional process and the lack of managerial training. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

论案外人申请再审的制度价值与程序设计

案外人申请再审系修订后的《民事诉讼法》在借鉴域外立法基础上所创设的一项具有中国特色的制度,旨在为利益受到生效裁判、调解书侵害的案外人提供必要的救济机制,极大地扩张了传统民事再审制度的功能范围。在我国,案外人申请再审具有不同于当事人申请再审的事由和再审程序,并且因执行程序外的案外人申请再审和执行程序中的案外人申请再审的类型划分而异其适用条件。     

An Examination of Authoritarian Personality Traits among Police Officers: The Role of Experience

This study compared authoritarian traits as determined by MMPI-2 scores between inexperienced versus experienced police officers. The purpose of this comparison was to investigate whether experienced police officers possessed higher levels of authoritarian traits which may be related to years on the job. Results found that inexperienced and experienced police officers tend to be psychologically healthy and do not possess high levels of authoritarian traits. Some specific differences emerged with inexperienced police officers demonstrating higher scores on ASP (antisocial practices) but lower scores on HY (emotional reactions to stress). Possible reasons for these results are discussed.     

在国家管辖豁免中国家行为的性质认定

随着国家参与的经济活动越来越多,限制豁免理论逐渐发展成为国际习惯。如何认定国家行为,是限制豁免理论要解决的首要问题。国家行为是由合格的主体代表国家所从事的行为,判断国家行为的标准有"目的标准"和"性质标准"。从各国的司法实践来看,性质标准更具有合理性。我国已经从绝对豁免的立场向限制豁免的立场转变,但根据什么标准来认定国家行为,国内尚存在立法空白,因此,应尽快制定《外国主权豁免法》,以适应发展的要求。     

民事行政个案再审检察建议之适用与完善

个案再审检察建议作为民事、行政检察监督的新途径是司法实践中检、法两家权力博弈和协调的结果,是在我国社会主义法律制度下产生的具有中国特色的检察监督和个案司法救济方式,具有较强的实用性及优越性。应当通过立法的形式明确其法律地位,并完善相关配套制度,以弥补目前单一抗诉监督启动再审的局限性,构建完整、合理的民事行政监督和再审救济司法体系。     

Breaking The Cycle Of Intergenerational Child Maltreatment: A Case For Active Efforts For Dependent Minor Parents And Their Children In State Custody

Dependent minor parents placed in foster care with their children often face significant hurdles. These parents are responsible to make caregiving decisions for their children, while they themselves fall under the caregiving responsibility of the state child welfare system. As such, dependent minor parents live in a “twilight zone” – they hold full parental rights, but limited rights as teenagers. For a number of reasons, the children of minor parents in foster care often come into state custody. When two generations are in foster care at the same time, states must balance the safety and best interests of the children with the rights of minor parents to care for their own children. Currently, the state child welfare system is only required to provide “reasonable efforts” to reunify parents with children when they have been removed from their care for abuse, neglect, or dependency. However, dependent minor parents in state custody often require more supportive services in order to successfully reunify with their children than in a typical child welfare case. This article places the circumstance just described in the context of dependent minor parents’ constitutionally protected rights, and advocates for a higher standard which would require states to provide “active efforts” to protect and preserve these young families.     

Do Work-Family Conflict and Resiliency Mediate Police Stress and Burnout: a Study of State Police Officers

Occupational stress and burnout have long been recognized as common hazards among police officers. The present study examines whether demographic characteristics and assignment affect police officers’ work-family conflict (WFC), resiliency, stress and burnout, and whether WFC and resiliency mediate the stress and burnout of police officers. The data were collected from a Mid-Atlantic state police agency in the United States of America through a web-based survey. Regression results revealed that minority officers tended to have lower levels of WFC and burnout and better educated officers reported lower degrees of WFC and stress. WFC was positively related to stress and burnout, while resilience was inversely linked to stress and burnout. The effects of race and education disappeared when WFC and resiliency entered the regression, suggesting that their impact was largely mediated by WFC and resiliency. Lastly, stress was found to be positively associated with burnout. Implications for research and policy are discussed.     

论医疗侵权损害赔偿双轨制的统一

对于医疗侵权的损害赔偿,我国《医疗事故处理条例》与《民法通则》及最高人民法院关于人身损害赔偿等事项的司法解释存在较多差异,具体表现为损害赔偿的范围、鉴定方式、赔偿标准等都有着不同的规定,由此形成了医疗侵权损害赔偿的双轨制。这一局面不利于患者的权利保护和维护法制的权威。因此《侵权责任法(草案)》应当对医疗侵权损害赔偿做出更为详细的规定,以解决目前双轨制所带来的问题。     

The Psychological Impact on Police Officers of Being First Responders to Completed Suicides

When a suicide is completed, police officers are often among the first responders. Little attention has been paid to the emotional and psychological impact on the police officer in this specific situation. This study examines the effects encounters with completed suicides have on the emotional and psychological well-being of the police officer. This is a qualitative study, which intends to bring alive the feelings, thoughts, actions, choices, and challenges of police officers who have encountered completed suicides as imparted through participants' stories. Interviews were done with eight police officers. In addition, interviews were done with a coroner, a police chaplain, and a police psychologist to add some unique perspectives to the police officers’ experiences of encountering completed suicides. Interviews were done in a semi-structured, focused format involving an ongoing fine-tuning of questions. The overarching finding reveals the central role played by police culture in shaping how police officers come to perceive this experience, and how they subsequently choose to mediate it. This study identifies ten strategies police officers use to mediate this experience, and discusses the possible psychological consequences of employing each strategy.     

论制造毒品罪的既遂标准

制造毒品罪的既遂标准存在着开始制造说、制造成功说和制出成品说的争议。本罪的保护客体仅为单一的国家对毒品的管理秩序而不包括公民的身心健康,是否制造出成品不能说明对保护客体的侵害。本罪的典型可罚时点不是毒品制造出来而是制造毒品的行为结束。本罪中的毒品不是说明客体受到侵害的构成结果,而是说明行为的社会危害性大小的行为结果。因此本罪的既遂标准是行为人制造毒品的行为实行终了。