从教育服务产品的二重性解析独立学院学费价格体系

教育服务产品的二重属性理论认为，教育服务产品是一种兼有公共产品和私人产品属性的准公共产品。独立学院作为扩充的优质高等教育资源，较高的教育成本决定了高昂的学费，高昂的教育费用是目前中国独立学院学费价格体系特点，试从高等教育的双重性角度解析当前独立学院学费价格体系，对独立学院的可持续性发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

我国独立学院发展面临的问题及对策探讨——以高等教育产品属性为视角

目前,我国独立学院发展在办学体制、管理体制和投融资体制等方面面临着诸多问题,其根本原因在于政府偏好发展普通高校,未能从高等教育作为准公共产品的属性出发对独立学院发展给予足够重视。针对这些问题,应遵循社会主义市场经济规律,紧扣高等教育产品属性,转变政府政策偏好,注重发挥独立学院的办学优势,深化教育体制改革,推动独立学院健康稳定、可持续发展。     

论搜索引擎服务的准公共产品属性与竞价排名

搜索引擎服务具有准公共产品属性,竞价排名是准公共产品市场化供给中出现的有违公共利益的行为.搜索引擎运营商在经济利益驱动下,忽视了公共产品供给的公益性原则,提供了"有瑕疵的"公共产品,其危害甚大.依据公共产品外部性理论,一方面应对搜索引擎运营商给予扶持,以鼓励非公共部门(企业)为社会提供公共产品;另一方面需要对搜索引擎服务加以规范,使其不致偏离公共利益.     

从教育的产品属性看我国民办高等教育产权问题

民办高校产权问题是一个在理论上尚未得到解决、在实践中严重制约民办高教健康发展的重要问题.在民办学校越来越繁荣的发展中,明晰民办教育产权归属、维护各权利主体的利益显得十分重要.基于扎根的方法对民办高等教育的研究,用经济学公共产品理论和高等教育学的基本原理,从教育的产品属性分析了我国民办高校产权的界定问题.     

浅谈新时期独立学院辅导员工作新思路

独立学院作为高等教育一种以公立高校为依托、社会力量参与的新型办学方式，是我国高等教育加快发展、深化改革的必然产物，面对高等教育大众化和高教深化改革带来的新问题，新时期独立学院的辅导员应创新思路，主动探索解决问题的办法。从理论学习、专业业务学习、常规工作、班主任工作等各方面，扎实推进辅导员队伍职业化、专业化，构建健康向上、充满活力的专家型独立学院辅导员队伍。     

独立学院大学生思想政治教育工作初探

随着高等教育大众化进程的不断推进．独立学院异军突起．在高等教育投资体制和办学机制等方面形成了一定特色。由于独立学院的学生与公办院校的学生有许多不同之处，所以学生工作、思想政治教育工作也有许多不同之处，我们必须在总结经验的基础上，积极探索新思路、新办法，采取有力措施．把独立学院大学生思想政治教育引向深入，把他们培养成新型的人才。     

独立学院思想政治理论课实效性初探

高校思想政治理论课是对大学生进行系统马克思主义理论教育的主渠道。独立学院虽然不同于普通高校,但作为高等教育的一部分,同样肩负着教书与育人的责任。提高独立学院思想政治理论课教育实效性成为当前讨论的焦点与重点。在思想政治理论课教育实效性问题上,独立学院与一般高校遭遇了同样的困难,也面临特殊问题。只有加强师资队伍和科研建设、创新教学理念和教学方式,独立学院思想政治理论课实效性才会有质的飞跃。     

高校独立学院建档工作探析

试办独立学院是新形势下我国高等教育办学机制和模式的一项探索和创新，是高等教育办学领域内的一种新生事物。同样，独立学院在各项工作中形成的各类文件材料要不要建档？如何建档的问题就摆到了我们档案工作者的面前。本文通过对独立学院建档工作现况的分析，从建档理论、明晰产权、事业发展、历史地位、法律规范和现实利用六个角度阐述了独立学院建档工作的依据，从确立领导体制、建立管理机制等方面提出了独立学院建档工作的基本路径与方法。     

政府购买公共文化服务探析——以江苏省南通市为例

公共文化服务是政府公共服务的重要内容,政府购买公共文化服务是基于新公共管理理论和多中心治理理论的实践创新。政府购买公共文化服务介于政府直接提供服务和完全市场化之间,可以实现服务供给的多元化,是未来的发展趋势。政府通过购买公共文化服务,可以激发政府能力、社会动力、市场活力,有利于实现政府职能转变,提高公共服务供给效率,促进社会组织发展,满足公众多层次文化需求。根据公共文化服务的属性和江苏省南通市政府购买公共文化服务的实践,加强制度建设、培育发展社会组织、严格绩效评估是完善政府购买公共文化服务的关键。     

“独”得浓郁 “特”得精彩——南昌大学科技学院探索出独立学院人才培养新模式

独立学院是我国高等教育改革和发展的产物,是具有中国特色、富有发展活力的高等教育办学创新模式。作为三本教育的独立学院应该如何科学定位学生培养目标,并在激烈的市场竞争中为社会输送受欢迎的人才?南昌大学科技学院充分发挥独立学院的优势,把民办教育的灵活、高效和公办教育的严谨、优质紧密结合起来,探索出独立学院人才培养新模式,成为全国同类院校中的佼佼者,其经验得到教育界同仁和社会的广泛认同。     

Estimation of the Value and Cost of Government and Market Supplied Goods

A review of previous research indicates that people's valuationsof government supplied services are not closely related to theircosts, raising the question of how much people know about thecosts of such goods. Respondents rated the value of governmentand market supplied goods and services and estimated their costsin three studies. The respondents made poor estimates of the percapita costs of supplying government services, and were littlebetter at estimating per capita expenditure on a range of marketsupplied goods (e.g., expenditure on fruit), but they were quiteaccurate at estimating the prices of individual market supplieditems. Rated values of individual market supplied itemscorrelated well with the costs of the items, but rated annualvalues of both government and market supplied goods were moreweakly correlated with their annual per capita costs. The resultssuggests that the inaccuracy in estimating the costs ofgovernment goods might arise because such items do not haveindividual item prices rather than because people generally donot pay for them themselves.     

Innovations in the provision of public goods and services

Current efforts at administrative reform in both developed and developing countries have invariably focused on the critical issue of provision of public goods and services. The accumulated experience and attendant innovations are therefore vast. Few attempts have been made to pull this experience together and draw salient features which might be of use to newcomers to the task of improving provision of public goods and services. This article draws on a panel of experts and government officials convened by the author who have reflected and/or experimented with innovative approaches to public good and service provision. After discussing the role of the state, market and civil society relative to public goods and services, the article lays out a set of basic institutional options for innovations in provision. The article concludes with some strategic considerations on the sequencing of steps to achieve successful market-based innovations in the provision of public goods and services in the context of the minimalist and the strong but restrained state. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

All Together Now? An Empirical Study of the Voting Behaviors of Homeowner Association Members in St. Louis County

Homeowner associations (HOAs), by design, collect homogenous members of a community into a residential development with defined boundaries and contain at least some very active individuals. This implies that HOAs may lower the transaction costs involved with voting resulting in HOA membership increasing voter participation. Further, as more HOAs provide goods and services to their members as substitutes for goods and services provided by the public sector, one would expect HOA members to vote more conservatively and in support of more privatization. Using a detailed population database constructed for Saint Louis County, Missouri, and results from the November 2004 general election, this article analyzes the effect that living in an HOA has on voter participation and on the results of several election issues. Following a similar study by the Public Policy Institute of California, the results show that, once population characteristics are controlled for, there is no HOA effect on the likelihood of HOA members to vote Republican. Unlike previous work, this study shows that if the vote reporting districts are broken into five mutually exclusive categories rather than using the 60% rule used in other studies, areas with more HOAs do show an increase in participation rates and an increased likelihood to vote against property tax increases. The results hold up even after the presence of spatial autocorrelation is confirmed and controlled for.     

Public versus private ownership: The federal lands case

“Privatization” of public lands has been urged on the grounds that it will provide a more efficient allocation of the nation's resources. However, there are some public policy objectives which private ownership and free markets are not equipped to achieve. Historically, these objectives have motivated legislation authorizing retention of some land in public ownership. Indeed, land in both forms of ownership is required to achieve a full range of both public and private goods and services. However, since inefficiencies in the allocation of resources will occur under either form of ownership, careful monitoring of economic activities in both sectors is more likely to achieve improvements than arguing for exclusive reliance on only one system of property rights.     

Intergovernmental Political Competition in American Federalism

Many policies in the United States are jointly determined by federal and state actions. In the game theoretic model offered here, politicians in both the state and national governments seek credit for providing goods desired by the public and avoid blame for the taxes necessary to provide the goods. In line with Peterson's (1995) theory of functional federalism, the level of government that is better able to supply particular goods and services tends to take the lead in their provision, even to the extent of fully crowding out much less efficient governments. However, under a broad set of circumstances, both state and national politicians seek credit via public spending, and their joint provision leads to a relative "oversupply" of public goods and services, and thus to "overtaxation." Under joint provision, states vary in their responses to changing federal spending patterns based both on the causes of the national changes and on state characteristics .     

SERVICES: PARASITIC OR DYNAMIC?

Traditional economic theorists have argued that services in general, and public services in particular, are unproductive and parasitic. Data is presented from seven representative countries at varying levels of economic development to show that, in fact, services are productive and play a critical role both in enabling the production of goods and In ensuring quality of life.     

Does Spatial Variation in Heterogeneity Matter? Assessing the Adoption Patterns of Business Improvement Districts

Because they supplement the municipal provision of local public goods, Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) provide an opportunity to examine the space, scope, and determinants of the provision of local public goods. A BID is formed when a group of merchants or commercial property owners in a neighborhood vote in favor of package of self‐assessments and local public goods to be funded with those assessments. These districts solve a collective action problem in the provision of public goods because once a majority has voted in favor, participation is compulsory for all merchants or commercial property owners in the neighborhood. I use a unique dataset on adoption patterns of BIDs in California to test two main claims suggested by the theoretical literature: first, that businesses respond to individual heterogeneity that determines the quality of local public goods, and second, that the type of heterogeneity—overall or spatial—matters. In contrast to the literature on residents, this study finds at best a weak correlation between a city's adoption of a BID and heterogeneity. In addition, despite the theoretical preference for spatial over overall heterogeneity, BIDs are not more likely to be adopted by spatially heterogeneous cities.     

Government and growth: Cross-sectional evidence

Economic theory suggests that government contributes to total economic growth in two ways: positively, through the provision of Pigovian public goods and services; and negatively, through the inefficient provision of such goods and services and the distortionary effects attendant with their provision. This paper develops a model that differentiates the two effects and empirically tests the model for a sample of forty-eight countries. Evidence suggests that the net effect of government on growth is positive, but that the negative effects are not insignificant. Though growth in government output contributes to total economic growth, at the margin this is approximately offset by distortionary effects attendant with increases in the relative size of government.     

Preferential trade agreements and power asymmetries: the case of technological protection measures in Australia

Since the 1980s states have sought to harmonise economic standards to aid the flow of goods, services and finance across borders. The founding agreements of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), for example, harmonised standards on services, intellectual property and investment. However, mutlilateral trade negotiations in the WTO have since stalled. In response, the United States (US) has engaged in forum shopping, using preferential trade agreements at the bilateral, regional and multinational level to harmonise international standards. This article argues that through forum shopping the US has been able to export standards that support the commercial interests of US-based industries more than they encourage economic exchange across borders. Furthermore, because power asymmetries are starker in preferential trade negotiations smaller and middle power states should not enter trade agreements, which include regulatory harmonisation. This is illustrated with the case of the US-Australia free trade agreement, looking specifically at a copyright standard known as technological protection measures (TPMs). It was clear before, during and after the agreement was signed that Australia’s existing standard on TPMs was more popular than the US-style standard. Nevertheless, a US-style standard is in effect domestically because of the trade agreement.