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1.
美国是国际核秩序的主要创建者、参与者和受益者,维持稳定的国际核秩序符合美国的安全利益。但是,出于战争制胜型核战略、意识形态、盟友关系、地缘政治等方面的战略考量,美国在维持、巩固国际核秩序的过程中,也对国际核秩序造成侵蚀与弱化。美国仍然把核武器置于其国家安全战略的重要位置,重视战术核武器的作用,研发低当量核武器和钻地核弹,模糊了核武器与常规武器的界限,降低了核武器的使用门槛,侵蚀了核价值观。美国追求绝对核优势,部署全球导弹防御系统,研发全球即时打击系统,违反国际核规范与印度进行核能合作,弱化核禁忌等做法,不利于大国之间的战略稳定性,破坏了核规范。在防扩散领域,美国一贯奉行双重标准,缺乏全局观念,对他国进行安全威胁,刺激了核扩散。为维护国际核秩序,美国应从维护全球和平与稳定的长远考虑出发,降低核武器在国家安全战略中的作用,减少缩小核武器的使用范围,停止部署全球范围内的导弹防御系统,放弃防扩散的双重标准,推动核价值观、核规范和核不扩散体制向着更加完善的方向演进,保证国际核秩序平稳、有效运行。  相似文献   

2.
不扩散出口管制是美国政府为维护其国家安全而制定的一项重要政策。在21世纪初, 美国不仅重视其自身的管制建设, 而且非常重视在出口管制上与国际多边组织及其他国家的合作。在美国看来, 参与多边出口管制体系所需投入较低, 未来的回报较高, 可以在全球推广自己的安全理念, 符合美国的不扩散战略。同时, 这些国际组织和有关国家也希望对美国发挥影响, 促使其改变某些过时的出口管制政策。  相似文献   

3.
九一一事件以来,防扩散成为中美合作亮点。两国在多层面形成较稳定的合作模式:在国际防扩散机制建设方面,美中之间主要是倡议者和积极参与者、建设者的关系;在应对地区核热点方面,中美分别扮演了\"好警察\"和\"坏警察\"的角色;在双边合作方面,中美互动以培训与协作为主。防扩散之所以能够成为中美合作亮点,是空前严峻的核扩散形势及两国防扩散战略调整等主客观因素共同作用的结果。防扩散合作加深了中美了解与互信,稳定了热点地区形势,保障了中美两国的安全与发展利益,改善了中美经贸交流的外部环境。但随着近年国际形势发生深刻变化,中美防扩散合作面临抓手减少、互补协作难度增大、地缘干扰因素增加等挑战。因此,对未来的中美防扩散合作不能盲目乐观。当然,形势变化也孕育着新的希望。中国的快速发展将扩大中美防扩散合作的共同利益基础,并为两国合作提供更多智慧和资源。中美应在更加平等的基础上,适时调整防扩散合作重点,探索新的合作模式,使之成为两国携手进行全球治理和维护地区秩序的样板。  相似文献   

4.
    
Multilateral (many-party) negotiations are much more complex than traditional two-party negotiations. In this article, we explore a model of social network activity, especially clique formation, among parties engaged in multilateral negotiation and the implications that such networks might have on the negotiation process and outcome. Using data collected from 375 subjects participating in a negotiation simulation, our results reveal that, primarily, the negotiator's perspectives of clique formation (coalition building) — both his or her own and the other party's — have unique effects on the integrative, problem-solving approaches used in the process and on the negotiator's satisfaction with outcomes. Secondarily, centrality (manifest as emergent power) has a positive effect on both problem solving and satisfaction. Interestingly, we found that those players who emerged as the most dominant and powerful were not as satisfied (in relative levels) as those who were less powerful.  相似文献   

5.
At the time of writing, representatives from Iran and the E3/EU+3 are trying to work out an agreement that will guarantee that Iran’s controversial nuclear programme, widely suspected of having a military purpose, serves only peaceful ends. As the negotiations enter their most crucial phase, the time is ripe to attempt an assessment of the role played by the only actor, besides Iran, that has been on stage since it all began over ten years ago: Europe. Throughout this long drama, Europe’s performance has had some brilliant moments. Yet the quality of its acting has decreased as a new protagonist, the US, has come on stage. Overall, the Europeans’ record is positive, albeit not entirely spotless.  相似文献   

6.
    
Complex negotiations have been conducted for a long time, although until somewhat recently analysts had yet to conceptualize their fundamental nature, their essential elements, and the relationship between these elements. Over the past forty years, however, scholars have gained increasing understanding of the forces that shape negotiation complexity. In this article, I first review literature that has explored complex negotiations, which is found primarily in negotiation studies, and studies of international negotiation. I then develop a five‐part theoretical framework for analyzing complex negotiations: (1) identification of negotiation architecture, (2) context analysis, (3) process analysis, (4) structural and relational analysis, and (5) decisional analysis. I then demonstrate the utility of this five‐part framework by examining the U.S.–Australia Free Trade negotiations that produced the Australia–U.S. Free Trade Agreement of 2005. Finally, the article closes with some observations on complex negotiations and their analysis.  相似文献   

7.
This paper addresses whether Germany, France and the UK (the EU3) – with the EU in the background – can shape their own approach to a common Europeanised position or even a European role conception regarding the Iranian Nuclear Programme. As the EU3 initiative appears situated between Europeanisation and national role conceptions, it seems that the EU3 members – after a coherent start – were finally inclined to readapt themselves to certain of their national role conceptions, resulting in a “mix” of national and European role patterns in the process leading up to 2016. Currently, this mix hints at still-prevailing hindrances involved in genuine European conflict management, although this outcome holds the promise of greater European coherence in the future.

Abbreviations: E3: Germany, France and UK (without formal support of the EU); EU: European Union; EU3: Germany, France, UK and the “High Representative for the Common Security and Foreign Policy of the European Union”; EU3?+?3: official designation of the contact group concerning the Iranian Nuclear Programme, consisting of the EU3, the USA, Russia and China; IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency; P5?+?1: informal designation of the contact group concerning the Iranian Nuclear Programme, consisting of the EU3, the USA, Russia and China (Permanent Security Council Members [P5] plus Germany); UK: United Kingdom; UNs: United Nations; UNSR: Security Council of the United Nations  相似文献   

8.
长期以来,在全球核安全领域已经逐步建立起了一套管理制度,其中,美国扮演了主要角色。2009年,美国奥巴马政府提出的核安全峰会倡议是美国试图延续其对全球核秩序的领导做出的又一轮努力。但是,由于奥巴马政府的动员能力有限,更重要的是美国已经越来越难以将其利益转化为国际社会的共同利益,奥巴马政府的核安全议程面临进展缓慢、甚至是停滞不前的局面。奥巴马政府在全球核治理议程设置方面面临的窘境提示人们,全球核治理应该更加全面、真实地反映国际社会的真正利益需求。全球核治理需要为其他国家提供更多的机会和平台。2008年全球金融危机以来,新兴经济体已经在全球经济治理中发挥越来越重要的作用。这些国家凭借经济和科技能力、政治影响力以及更具代表性的身份特征,应该在全球核治理体系建设中发挥更大作用。中国作为新兴经济体中的重要成员、作为发展中大国、作为在世界事务中拥有重要影响的国家,应该为全球和地区的核秩序建设做出更大贡献,并就如何构建更加贴近民生需求、更加符合各国国情、更加持久的核安全治理提出了基本设想。  相似文献   

9.
核安全风险超越国界,可能跨越地区,甚至影响全球,因而核安全的治理必然是全球治理。各国对核安全风险的评估、核安全意识的养成是一个演进的过程,与此同步的是核安全全球治理。核安全全球治理经历了冷战、冷战结束和九一一事件以来的三个发展阶段,治理的主要内容随着国际安全形势的变化而调整。冷战期间的核安全全球治理主要体现为建立国际原子能机构以管理核能的和平利用,防范无核国家以发展民用核能为由发展核武器,签署和履行与核安全密切相关的国际公约、培育核安全的意识;冷战结束初期,国际原子能机构强化了保障监督能力,多边出口管制机制加强了对涉核物项出口的管控,国家间展开了实质性的核安全合作;九一一恐怖袭击之后,核安全全球治理呈现加速度的趋势,国际社会日益形成核安全共识,全球性制度建设加速,多边合作加强。经过多年努力,核安全全球治理的制度建设取得了显著成就,双边和多边国际合作得到实质性推动,但核安全全球治理仍然面临如何有效减少核材料存量、如何推动相关国家切实履行国家责任等挑战。  相似文献   

10.
朝鲜半岛安全问题及中国与有关各方的合作策略   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
自朝鲜核试验到最近的"天安"号事件,朝鲜半岛及东北亚安全形势发生重大变化。问题的解决涉及多方甚至整个国际社会。中国应妥善处理中美关系,加强中、日、韩三国间的互信、共识与合作,加强与俄罗斯及国际社会的沟通与合作。在坚决促朝弃核,推进半岛无核化的同时以经济外交为杠杆促朝融入国际社会,在寻求外交谈判解决半岛危机的同时,做好应对半岛可能出现的突发事件的准备。  相似文献   

11.
    
In a negotiation study, we investigated the efficacy of acknowledging an opponent's role in securing a concession made to that opponent. The study featured a face-to-face, one-shot bargaining session between a student favoring marijuana legalization and a confederate playing the role of a legalization opponent. When the confederate acknowledged the student's putative influence in producing a concession by the confederate, the student perceived the magnitude of the concession to be greater and was more likely to accept it. The student negotiators also reported that they liked the other party more following acknowledgement, and our mediational analysis suggested that enhanced interpersonal sentiments played a role in facilitating agreement. In this article, in addition to documenting these findings, we also discuss their implications, both for theoretical analyses of conflict and negotiation and for the practical problem of settling disputes.  相似文献   

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