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1.
This article examines the dramatic emergence of HIV/AIDS as a major public health problem in Trinidad and Tobago. While there
were only eight registered cases of AIDS in 1983, by the beginning of 1992 Trinidad and Tobago had arrived at an incidence
that put it in the 17th spot in the world, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). The disease, which was first
evinced among homosexuals, quickly spread to the heterosexual population. The cost of the disease, estimated in a human capital
approach, has already made a dent on the GDP. Even the most conservative of projections suggests that the number of cases
will rise by a factor of between four and five by the year 2000. Although there is little by way of comparative cost data
on other diseases, AIDS/HIV, in all probability, could be very costly to the country.
Ralph Henry received his B.A. at the University of the West Indies and his Ph.D. at the University of Alberta. He is currently
senior lecturer and head of the Department of Economics at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad and specializes in
human resource economics. Elizabeth Newton received her Bachelor and Master degrees at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge. She is currently a visiting scientist at the Caribbean Epidemiology Centre in Port of Spain, Trinidad. Her main
research interests include biostatistics and infectious disease modelling. 相似文献
2.
David L. Blaney Mustapha Kamal Pasha 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》1993,28(1):3-24
The terminology of “civil society” has gained currency in recent discussions of democratic movements around the globe. Although
less grandiose in its implications than claims about the “end of history,” this terminology does suggest a certain universality
in human experience. We argue that this claim of universality is warranted, but also problematic. We establish the relevance
of our argument in reference to the literatures in African and Indian studies.
We note first that the common employments of the concept ignore the theoretical and historical specificity of civil society:
civil society is used to label any group or movement opposed to the state, regardless of its intent or character, or used
so generically that it is indistinguishable from the term “society.” Instead, we argue that civil society is a sphere of social
life, involving a stabilization of a system of rights, constituting human beings as individuals, both as citizens in relation
to the state and as legal persons in the economy and the sphere of private association.
Thus, we link the wide resonance of the concept to its embeddedness in the logic of liberal capitalist society and the capitalist
global division of labor. This conception allows us to see that, although the emergence of a sphere of civil society involves
at least minimal democranization and is supportive of struggles for further democratization, the status of democracy is also
made quite problematic by the tensions endemic to liberal capitalism and the processes of uneven development within international
capitalism. Our usage also allows us to distinguish more clearly movements dedicated to the construction of civil society
from those that may count actually as counter-civil society movements.
David L. Blaney received his M.A. and Ph.D. at the Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver. He is on
leave from Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana as a visiting scholar for the 1993–94 academic year at The Elliott School of
International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052. His main research interests include international
political economy, culture and international relations theory, and democratic theory.
Mustapha Kamal Pasha received his M.A. and Ph.D. at the Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver. Currently,
he is an assistant professor in the School of International Service, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016. His main
research interests include international political economy, with particular regard to the Third World, and South Asian politics. 相似文献
3.
4.
The article argues that Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela are political systems suffering from an acute deficit
of democratic authenticity, that is, a loss of substance in democratic processes. The deficit in democratic authenticity is
a product of malfunctions in the mechanisms of political linkage and multiple barriers that inhibit effective citizen participation
in public life. Rather than acceding to minimalist interpretations of democracy that deemphasize the importance, of active
citizen participation, the author stresses the importance of maintaining a rigorous normative definition of democracy as the
standard by which to assess the state of democractic political development.
Catherine M. Conaghan is a Queen’s National Scholar and professor of political studies at Queen’s University. She is the author
ofRestructuring Domination: Industrialists and the State in Ecuador (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988) and co-author ofUnsettling Scatecraft: Democracy and Neoliberalism in the Central Andes (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994). 相似文献
5.
In February 1982, Cuba’s Council of State approved legislation that authorized some forms of foreign investment in the island.
The legislation was largely ignored by foreign business that for nearly a decade showed scant interest in investing in Cuba.
However, in the 1990s, foreign investiment in socialist Cuba has increased rapidly. The first part of the article gauges the
economic significance of foreign investment in the context of the financial needs of the country. The second part touches
on a number of issues that have a bearing on the further growth of foreign investment in Cuba. The article concludes with
some general observations on the impact of foreign investment on the Cuban economy and prospects for the future.
Jorge F. Pérez-López is an international economist with the Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor.
His writings on international economics issues— especially on the Cuban economy—have appeared in professional journals and
several edited volumes. He is the author ofThe Economics of Cuban Sugar (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991),The Cuban Second Economy: From Behind the Scenes to Center Stage (Transaction Publishers, 1995), and editor and contributor ofCuba at a Crossroads (University Press of Florida, 1994). He received his Ph.D. in Economics from the State University of New York at Albany.
The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone. 相似文献
6.
Richard Rose William Mishler Christian Haerpfer 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》1997,32(3):85-111
This article examines social capital with particular reference to societies where distrust of institutions has been the norm.
The first section describes alternative relationships between individuals and institutions in civil and uncivil societies.
The second makes clear the important distinction betweensocial network capital andorganizational capital. The former can be used to achieve freedom from the state; the latter implies a trustworthy state. The third section presents
empirical survey data from the New Democracies Barometer in nine post-Communist societies; the data measure trust, scepticism
and distrust in fifteen institutions. The following sections use multivariate analysis to account for differences in individual
levels of trust, and discuss the implications for theories of civic democracy.
Richard Rose received his doctorate from Oxford University. He is Director of the Centre for the Study of Public Policy at
the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland.
William Mishler received his doctorate from Duke University. He has published extensively in the fields of methodology, legislative
studies, and political economy. 相似文献
7.
Chi CC 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》1994,29(2):23-47
During the 1980s, economic development in Taiwan received much attention in development studies. The “Taiwan miracle” has
made Taiwan rich and famous. This article examines an often ignored aspect of development—environmental quality—and argues
that Taiwan has achieved “growth with pollution” that will not increase but decrease the welfare of the people in the long
run. The root cause of Taiwan's environmental degradation rests on the obsession with fast economic growth at any cost by
the powerful coalition between the ruling Kuomington and the capitalists. The article argues that the case of Taiwan is far
from being a “model” for developing countries. Taiwan's experience of “growth with pollution,” on the contrary, should stand
as a warning to other developing countries pursuing similar development paths.
Chun-Chieh Chi received his B.A. in sociology from Tunghai University in Taiwan, and his M.A. and Ph.D. in sociology from
State University of New York at Buffalo. He is assistant professor of sociology at the University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104.
His research interests include sustainable development in Taiwan and Kenya, indigenous people and the environment, and women
and the environment in developing countries. 相似文献
8.
Axel Hadenius Jan Teorell 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2005,39(4):87-106
The purpose of this article is to reassess two influential theories of democratic development: the theory of democratic culture
and the theory of economic development. The leading predecessors in each domain—Ronald Inglehart and Adam Przeworski—are the
prime targets of analysis. We take issue with recent evidence presented by these authors on three grounds: the evidence (1)
confuses “basic” criteria of democracy with possible “quality” criteria (Inglehart); (2) conceptualizes democracy in dichotomous
rather than continuous terms (Przeworski); and (3) fails to account for endogeneity and contingent effects (Inglehart). In
correcting for these shortcomings, we present striking results. In the case of democratic culture, the theory lacks support;
neither overt support for democracy nor “self-expression values” affect democratic development. In the case of economic development,
earlier findings must be refined. Although the largest impact of modernization is found among more democratized countries,
we also find an effect among “semi-democracies.”
Axel Hadenius is professor of political science at Uppsala University in Sweden. He is the author ofDemocracy and Development (Cambridge University Press, 1992) andInstitutions and Democratic Citizenship (Oxford University Press, 2001).
Jan Teorell is associated professor of political science at Uppsala University. His articles on intra-party democracy, social
capital, and political participation appear in international journals. 相似文献
9.
Social scientists have drawn a straightforward lesson from European history: taxation promotes representation. Drawing on
this history, scholars have developed general theories that connect taxation to modern democracy. In this article I argue
that these theories have overlooked the most important element in the relationship between taxation and representation in
European history. Premodern assemblies, or their members, typically had a deep involvement in the mechanics of tax collection,
and it was primarily through this that taxation promoted the emergence, strength, and longevity of representative institutions.
But modern parliaments do not collect taxes. As a consequence, taxation has only a modest role in the promotion of democracy
in the modern world. My argument challenges existing theories of the link between taxation and representation, including those
made in the literature on rentier states. It also advances our understanding of the process by which premodern European representative
assemblies were transformed into the basic institutions of modern democracy.
Michael Herb is assistant professor of political science at Georgia State University. He is the author ofAll in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies (Albany, NY: SUNY, 1999). He received his Ph.D. from UCLA in 1997. 相似文献
10.
Democracy in Spain: Legitimacy, discontent, and disaffection 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
José Ramón Montero Richard Gunther Mariano Torcal 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》1997,32(3):124-160
This article examines changes in perceptions of democracy in Spain over the last two decades. A variety of empirical indicators
gleaned from numerous surveys are used to distinguish between democratic legitimacy and political discontent, as well as between
this (which includes the well-known indicator of dissatisfaction with the way democracy works) and political disaffection.
The article traces the different ways in which these attitudes have evolved in Spain over the last twenty years, and demonstrates
that they belong to different dimensions. It also includes the results of two tests showing that these two sets of attitudes
are conceptually and empirically distinct: a factor analysis confirms the distinct clustering of the indicators at the, individual
level, whilst cohort analysis identifies different patterns of continuity and change across generations.
José Ramón Montero is Professor of Political Science at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. He obtained his doctorate in Law
at the Universidad de Santiago and has taught, at the Universities of Granada, Santiago, Zaragoza, Cádiz and the Universidad
Complutense de Madrid. He has been Visiting Professor at the Universities of Harvard, California at Berkeley, and Ohio State
University, as well as Secretary and Dean of the School of Law, Universidad de Cádiz, and Deputy Director of the Centro de
Investigaciones Sociológicas.
Richard Gunther is Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University. He has a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University
of California at Berkeley, and is co-Chair of the Subcommittee on Southern Europe of the Social Science Research Council.
Mariano Torcal is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. He holds a doctorate from
the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and a Ph.D candidacy in Political Science from the Ohio State University. He has been a
Visiting Professor in the Department of Political Science at the Univeristy of Michigan, and Visiting Fellow at the Kellogg
Institute for International Studies, Notre Dame University. 相似文献
11.
Caroline Beer 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2009,44(3):212-227
This article examines the relationship between democracy and gender equality. In particular, it contrasts the impact of long-term
stocks of democracy with the contemporary level of democracy and the participation of women in democracy. It contends that
democracy should be thought of as a historical phenomenon with consequences that develop over many years and decades and that women’s participation should be included as an important component of democracy. The main argument is that long-term
democracy together with women’s suffrage should provide new opportunities for women to promote their interests through mobilization
and elections. A cross-national time-series statistical analysis finds that countries with greater stocks of democracy and
longer experience of women’s suffrage have a higher proportion of the population that is female, a greater ratio of female
life expectancy to male life expectancy, lower fertility rates, and higher rates of female labor force participation.
Caroline Beer is Associate Professor of political science at the University of Vermont. She is author of Electoral Competition and Institutional Change in Mexico, published by the University of Notre Dame Press, 2003. Her research has also been published in journals such as the American Political Science Review, Comparative Politics, International Studies Quarterly, Comparative Political Studies, and Latin American Politics and Society. 相似文献
Caroline BeerEmail: |
Caroline Beer is Associate Professor of political science at the University of Vermont. She is author of Electoral Competition and Institutional Change in Mexico, published by the University of Notre Dame Press, 2003. Her research has also been published in journals such as the American Political Science Review, Comparative Politics, International Studies Quarterly, Comparative Political Studies, and Latin American Politics and Society. 相似文献
12.
This article examines the political context within which the Bolivian government of Víctor Paz Estenssoro (1985–1989) launched,
implemented, and sustained a draconian neoliberal economic stabilization program. The article argues that the key to the successful
economic program was the political skill and leadership of President Paz, in particular, his ability to negotiate a political
pact with the main opposition party. Finally, the article ponders the tensions and contradictions between neoliberal economic
policies and the process of consolidating democracy in a context of extreme economic crisis.
James M. Malloy is professor of political science and research professor, University Center for International Studies, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260. He is the author of a number of books and articles on Latin America politics, includingAuthoritarians and Democrats: Regime Transition in Latin America (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1987). He is presently working on issues of regime transition, economic adjustment, and
the role of private sector interest groups in Latin America. 相似文献
13.
Although many students of democratization accept that new democracies are impacted by various legacies of the previous authoritarian
regime, little attention has been paid to the relationship between characteristics of the political class and the imperative
of institution building in the new democracies. Conservative transitions to democracy, where continuity in the political class
remains high despite the change in regime, are notably dependent on the participation of ex-authoritarians in the process
of institution-building. Many such elites were socialized to marginal or fictional representative institutions under authoritarianism,
leading them toward political practices which may subsequently be inimical to the development of effective instituions under
democracy. A study of ex-authoritarians in the Brazilian Congress reveals their weaker commitment to legislative institutionalization,
thus illustrating some of the tradeoffs and drawbacks of conservative transitions to democracy.
Timothy J. Power is assistant professor of political science at Louisiana State University. He is currently writing a book
on the role of the political right in Brazilian democratization. 相似文献
14.
Jan Teorell Axel Hadenius 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2006,41(3):96-111
In reply to Welzel and Inglehart in this issue, we deploy three lines of criticism. First, we argue that their newly invented
construct “effective democracy” is conceptually and empirically flawed. Second, we show that their results are highly sensitive
to model specification. Regardless of the time period, their supportive evidence vanishes if a more pertinent measure of democracy
is used instead of measures based on the absence of corruption, if a broader index of socioeconomic modernization is controlled
for, and if their compound index of emancipative values is replaced by its core component; liberty aspirations. Third, we
find that emancipative values are not a coherent syndrome at the individual level within countries, rendering the causal mechanism
linking these values to democracy through collective action unintelligible. We conclude that democratic values are not a robust
determinant of democratization.
Jan Teorell is associate professor of political science at Lund University. He has published on intra-party politics, social
capital and political participation, and, together with Axel Hadenius, is now involved in a project on the determinants of
democratization.
Axel Hadenius is professor of political science at Lund University. He is the author ofDemocracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992) andInstitutions and Democratic Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). 相似文献
15.
Political Democracy: Conceptual and Measurement Traps 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The movement toward democratic political systems in many nations in the 1980s has renewed interest in measurement of political
democracy. This paper calls attention to the problems that surround both the definition and measurement of political democracy.
The main conceptual problems are the failure to develop an adequate theoretical definition of this concept, the confounding
of the concept with others, and treating democracy as a binary rather than a continuous concept. Four problems of measurement
are: invalid indicators, subjective indicators, ordinal or dichotomous measures, and the failure to test reliability or validity.
The paper offers several suggestions to improve measurement as well as a warning about the danger of repeating past errors.
Kenneth A. Bollen is a professor of sociology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His major research interests
are in international development and statistics. He is the author ofStructural Equations with Latent Variables (1989), published in John Wiley's Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics. 相似文献
16.
《African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal》2013,6(1):13-30
Abstract This essay argues that Olaudah Equiano, author of the famous eighteenth-century slave narrative, displayed an international egalitarianism that was unique at the time. He was an extraordinarily well-travelled and a cosmopolitan man who criss-crossed the Atlantic, visiting every corner of the British Empire and who also endured the horrors and terrors of slavery and even as a freeman, never escaped the indignities of discrimination and racism. As a transnational figure of the African diaspora, Equiano's vision of global trade did not much differ from the tenets of British imperialism and market capitalism, which emphasized the exploitation of natural resources throughout the Empire. At the same time, in the representation of his relationship to Africa Equiano sought to establish more equalized and less exploitative international relations. Using political ideologies drawn from liberalism and republicanism, he extended them into a radical form of cosmopolitanism. Particularly in his depiction of his African childhood, and in the way he describes his participation in the Sierra Leone settlement project, is there a desire to create this new paradigm. The skillful appeal to feeling in both these sections of the narrative plays an important role in promoting this political agenda. 相似文献
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Evelyne Huber John D. Stephens 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》1992,27(3):57-92
By examining in detail the successes and failures of different development models in one developing country over a four-decade
period, this article sketches a development model for small economies in the 1990s as an alternative to the neoliberal model
pushed by the International Monetary Fund. It reviews the experience of Jamaica with various development models from the 1950s
to the 1990s, with special attention focused on the experience of the Seaga government of the 1980s. It also draws lessons
from the successful development experience of small European countries and of the East Asian Newly Industrialized countries.
In normative terms, the alternative development model attempts to combine growth with equity and democracy. In analytical
terms, it takes account of the constellation of domestic forces and appropriate political strategies, as well as of international
economic and political conditions. The main features are a strong role for the state in economic interactions with transnational
corporations, in identification of export markets and promotion of export production, in selective protection of domestic
industry with an export potential, in promotion of agriculture linked to industrial development, in improvement of human resources
and promotion of regional economic integration. Within these parameters, a crucial role is assigned to the domestic private
sector and a complementary one to foreign investment. Distribution is to be addressed primarily through distribution of productive
assets and access to health care and education.
Evelyne Huber is professor of political science at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. She is a coauthor ofDemocratic Socialism in Jamaica andCapitalist Development and Democracy. She is currently involved in research on the changing role of the state in Latin America and on comparative social policy.
John D. Stephens is professor of political science and sociology at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. He is a
coauthor ofDemocratic Socialism in Jamaica andCapitalist Development and Democracy. His current research focuses on options for social democracy and comparative social policy. 相似文献
20.
Under peace accords signed in January of 1992, a new civilian police force replaced the military as the sole agency responsible
for providing internal security in El Salvador. This new institution has the potential to substantially transform the relationship
of citizen and state, to improve both human rights and public safety, and, eventually, to reduce tensions in civil-military
relations. Despite extensive international participation in and verification of this project, however, implementation proved
difficult. Political polarization and lack of political will on the part of the government initially undercut the civilian
character of the project, while the international community proved unable or unwilling to provide sufficient material assistance.
Significant improvements took place under a new presidential administration, which had greater will to implement the project
as designed.
William Stanley is assistant professor of political science at the University of New Mexico, where he teaches international
and Latin American politics. His research focuses on how domestic and international political forces interact with the institutional
characteristics of military and police agencies to affect the frequency of human rights violations. His bookElite Politics, State Violence, and Civil War in El Salvador is forthcoming from Temple University Press. He has published various articles on human rights, migration and refugee affairs,
and on the role of the United Nations in post-conflict peace consolidation in Central America. 相似文献