Genocidal Violence,Nation-Building,and the Bloody Birth of Bangladesh

Why did the Pakistani military carry out genocidal violence against East Pakistani Hindus during the 1971 civil war when the Hindus did not constitute a security threat? This question carries not only theoretical but also important policy and security implications in present-day Bangladesh. A uniquely in-depth analysis of the little-known genocide in East Pakistan in 1971 shows that genocidal violence may be used as an instrument of nation-building. It was designed to mobilize both the Pakistani troops and the Bengali Muslim population against a convenient, well-defined enemy. The logic of othering – and then exterminating – a religious minority was meant to integrate a defiant, and previously marginalized, group into a reimagined community.     

Policing protest in the Australian Capital Territory: the introduction and use of the Public Order Act 1971

This article examines the reaction by the Australian Federal Government to the protest movements of the 1960s–1970s and their attempts to use public order legislation to thwart radical discontent in Australia. It argues that the Public Order (Protection of Persons and Property) Act 1971 was aimed at the threat of “violent” protests, particularly the tactic of the “sit-in”, and that to this end, the legislation was an overreaction to the actual threat posed by the protest movements at the time. It also shows that after a long gestation period, the Act was ill-equipped to deal with the changing nature of demonstrations in the 1970s, such as the problems caused by the erection of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy. Thus, after an initial flurry of use in mid-1971, the law has been seldom used since.     

Soviet books on the Yemen

O. Gerasimov and Yu. Mashin, is entitled V gorakh Yudznoy Aravii (In the mountains of Southern Arabia), Moscow, MysF Press, 1966; 87 pp.

G. Ya. Pyasetskiy, the author of Na pustynnom beregu Tikhamy (To the desert shore of Tihama), Moscow, Transport Press, 1967; 88 pp.

E. A. Glushenko and G. A. Lebedev. It is aptly named Yudznaya Araviya bez Sultctnov {Southern Arabia without Sultans), Moscow, Nauka Press, 1971; 88 pp.

Narodnaya Demokraticheskaya Respublika Yemen {The Yemen Popular Democratic Republic), Moscow, Mysl’ Press, 1971; 64 pp.

E. K. Golubovskaya, Yemen, Moscow, MysF Press, 1965; 122 pp.

L. N. Kotlov's Yemenskaya Arabskaya Respublika {spravochnik) {The Yemenite Arab Republic: a reference book), Moscow, Nauka Press, 1971; 288 pp.

L. V. Val'kova's Angliskaya kolonialnaya politika v Adene i Adenskikh Protektoratakh (1945–1967) {English colonial politics in Aden and its Protectorates: 1945–1967), Moscow, Nauka Press, 1968; 159 pp.

E. K. Golubovskaya, Revolyutsiya 1962 g. v Yemene {The revolution of 1962 in the Yemen), Moscow, Nauka Press, 1971; 208 pp.

V. I. Gusarov and A. M. Seyful'mulyukov, it is called Ekonomika Yemenskoy Arabskoy Respubliki {The Economics of the Yemenite Arab Republic), Moscow, Nauka Press, 1972; 120 pp.     

Indonesia and the implementation of the bogor goals

At APEC’s second “summit” meeting, in November 1994, President Suharto of Indonesia steered the leaders of the eighteen member countries, or territories, to accept the vision of “free trade in the region” by 2020, with the developed economies achieving the goal by 2010. Six months later, Indonesia introduced a package of liberalization measures that combined its commitments in ASEAN, the Uruguay Round agreements, and the APEC process. It has hoped thereby to show others what might be done to achieve “the Bogor goals.” Arifin M. Siregar, the Indonesian ambassador to the United States, was Indonesia’s minister of trade in 1988–1993. He was previously governor of the Bank of Indonesia (1983–1988). Before joining the bank as an executive director in 1971, Dr. Siregar was an economic affairs officer at the United Nations, New York (1961–1963); an economic officer at the United Nations, Beirut, Lebanon (1963–1965); and a senior economist at the International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC (1965–1971).     

The Development of leisure in Iran: The experience of the twentieth century

Workers’ Self‐Management in Algeria by Ian Clegg. London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1971. Pp. 249; £3·25.

The Revival of Greek Thought by G. P. Henderson. London: Chatto &; Windus, 1971. Pp. vx + 216; £3·50.

Ha‐Pe'iluth Has‐Siyyonith Be'iraq (Zionist Activity in Iraq) by Hayyim Y. Cohen. Jerusalem: Has‐Sifriyyah Has‐Siyyonith, 1969 Pp.274.

Coup d‐Etat: A Practical Handbook by Edward Luttwak. London: Penguin

Books Ltd., 1971. Pp. 205, appendices, index; £0·30.

Politics and Government in Turkey by C. H. Dodd. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969. Pp. xvi + 335; £3·25.

Lyautey in Morocco by Alan Scham. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1970. Pp. xi + 272; £4.20, $8.75.

The Second Arab Awakening by Jon Kimche. London: Thames and Hudson, 1970. Pp. 288; £2·10.     

An extempore government in Syria

Radical Politics in West Bengal. By Marcus F. Franda. Cambridge, Mass, and London, The M. I. T. Press, 1971. Pp. xiv+287. Index. £5.85.

The Urbanization Process in the Third World: Explorations in search of a Theory. By T. G. McGee. London, G. Bell and Sons, 1971. Pp. 179. £2.25.

Economic Theory and the Underdeveloped Countries. By H. Myint. New York, London, Toronto, Oxford University Press, 1971. Pp. xii+353. Index.

Tropical Development 1880–1913: Studies in Economic Progress. Edited by W. Arthur Lewis. London, George Allen &; Unwin, 1970. Pp. 346. Index. £3.25.

Modernization without Development: Thailand as an Asian Case Study. By Norman Jacobs. New York, Washington, London, Praeger Publishers (Praeger Special Studies in International Economics and Development), 1971. Pp. ix+420. Bibliog. £7.75.

Russian Agriculture: A Geographic Survey. By Leslie Symons. London, G. Bell and Sons, 1972. Pp. xii+348. Maps. Bibliog. Index. £4.00.

Agricultural Change and the Peasant Economy of South China. By Evelyn Sakakida Rawski. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1972. Pp. xi+282. Bibliog. Glossary. Index. £5.25.     

日本对中南半岛四国官方发展援助的贸易效应——基于引力模型的实证

基于1971年—2014年间日本对中南半岛四国(柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸、越南,简称CLMV)的官方发展援助(ODA)与双边贸易的面板数据,以贸易引力模型为工具,实证分析了日本对四国的官方发展援助(ODA)和双边贸易增长的联动关系,探讨了日本对中南半岛区域内相关国家官方发展援助所产生的贸易效应。结果表明:日本对CLMV的官方发展援助(ODA)与双边贸易流量具有显著的正向关系,其对外援助的确具有积极的贸易促进效应。     

The ‘Westminster model’ in Israel

Israel's Parliament—The Law of the Knesset, by Eliahu S. Likhovski. Oxford; Clarendon Press, 1971. pp. 236; £4·25.     

The Unidad Popular Process as Represented through Siglo XXI Publishers: Between Local Reception and the Construction of a Global Event

This article deals with the role played by books and publishing houses in the representations and circulation of ideas relating to the Chilean Unidad Popular process (1970–1973). Due to its transnational nature, Siglo XXI stands out as a privileged object of analysis. This publishing house was founded by Orfila Reynal in Mexico in 1965, and opened a branch in Buenos Aires in 1971. Amidst political and cultural radicalisation, Siglo XXI Argentina factored in the local reception of ideas about the Chilean road to socialism, and its shaping into a global event.     

日元汇率波动对日本对外投资影响的实证分析——基于日本19个行业1971—2007年的面板数据

以日本的制造业和非制造业中的19个行业为例，实证分析了1971—2007年间日元汇率波动对这些行业的影响情况。分析结果表明，总体上日元汇率的波动与日本对外直接投资存在显著的正相关关系。分行业来说，这些行业的结果可以分为三类。最后对这些结果进行了原因分析。     

Military coups in the people’s republic of China: Failure,fabrication, or fancy?

The most blatant and dramatic type of political act by soldiers is the coup d’etat. Scholars of civil-military relations often argue that communist states are virtually immune to coups because of effective mechanisms of party control over the army. In the case of the People’s Republic of china (PRC), many scholars contend that there have been no successful military coups, although some assert there has been at least one abortive attempt—by Minister of Defense Lin Biao in 1971. Chinese sources have reported many botched coup plots and some sinologists have accepted there as fact and/or labeled various events in PRC history as military coups.     

China,Pakistan, Bangladesh

Abstract

The purpose of this essay is to explain the policy of China during the Bangla Desh crisis of 1971. To explain, however, is not to explain away. The goal is to define not to defend.     

Fifty Years of the OECD and Forty Years of Australian Membership

The Country Party leader Jack McEwen said that Australia would join the OECD “over my dead body” and it did not do so until 1971, the year he retired from politics. Since then Australia has taken part in what is a complex “network of networks” linking over 40,000 senior public servants from many of the most influential states via some 200 committees spanning a wide range of policy areas. Yet Australian scholars have paid little attention to the OECD and to its effect upon Australia. Our essay is a first step in remedying this gap. Using both archival sources and interviews with public servants, we examine Australia's reasons for taking up OECD membership and assess its impact on policymaking since, the most obvious of which has been upon policy learning. We also ask about Australia's impact on the OECD.     

Facing the Inevitable: Britain's Entry into the European Community and Australia's Policy, 1970‐72

While Australia's response to Britain's 1961‐63 bid to join the European Community has been examined in almost every possible detail, Australian policy towards Britain's 1970‐72 application has drawn very little scholarly attention. This article therefore aims to fill this gap by drawing on newly released archival material from the National Archives of Australia in Canberra and the National Archives in London. In doing so, the article examines the impact of Britain's 1971‐72 application to join the EC on Australian policy and the Anglo‐Australian relations. It argues that while far from provoking the same widespread uproar as the Macmillan government's original application in 1961, Britain's final bid had important political and economic implications for Australian foreign policy.     

The North‐West frontier province and trans‐border country under the new constitution

Indian subcontinent

The Viceroy at Bay: Lord Linlithgow in India. By John Glendevon. London, Collins, 1971. Pp. 288. Illus. Index. £2.50.

The Transfer of Power: Constitutional Relations between Britain and India. Vol. I: The Cripps Mission, January‐April 1942. Edited by Nicholas Mansergh and E. W. R. Lumby. London, HMSO, 1970. Pp. 928. Illus. Map. Index. £7.00.

The Indian Army: Its contribution to the development of a nation. By Stephen Cohen. Los Angeles and London, University of California Press, 1971. £2.85.

The Politics of Nepal. By Leo E. Rose and Margaret W. Fisher. Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press, 1970. Pp. 197. Map. Index. £3.80.

General

Nationalism in Asia and Africa. Edited with an Introduction by Elie Kedourie, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971. Pp. 573. Index. £3.00.

Religion and Change in Contemporary Asia. Ed. Robert F. Spencer. London, OUP for Minnesota University Press, 1971. Pp. 172. Map. Index. £3.15.

The Ruler's Imperative. By W. Howard Wriggins. Columbia University Press, 1969. Pp.275. £4.50

Middle East

Peace in the Holy Land: An Historical Analysis of the Palestine Problem. By John Bagot Glubb. London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1971. Pp. 384. Maps. Genealogical trees. Bibliog. Index. £3.15.

The Trucial States. By Donald Hawley. London, Allen and Unwin, 1970. Pp. 380. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. £4.25.

The Wind of Morning. By Sir Hugh Boustead. London, Chatto and Windus, 1971. Pp. 240. £2.80.

Islam: a Way of Life. By Philip K. Hitti. University of MinnesotaPress, (London, OUP) 1970. Pp. 183. Maps. Bibliog. Index. £2.25.

John Company's Last War. By Barbara English. London, Collins, 1971. Pp. 192. Illus. Bibliog. Index. £2.10.

Southeast Asia

North Vietnam and the Pathet Lao: Partners in the Struggle for Laos. By Paul F. Langer and Joseph J. Zaslof. Harvard University Press; London, OUP, 1971. Pp. 262. Bibliog. Index. £2.90.

In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History. By David Joel Steinberg (editor), David K. Wyatt, John R. W. Smail, Alexander Woodside, William R. Roff, David P. Chandler. London, Pall Mall Press, 1971. Pp. 522. Maps. Glossary. Bibliog. Index. £4.50.

Burma: A Profile. By Norma Brixler. London, Pall Mall Press, 1971. Pp. 244. Illus. Maps. Bibliog. £3.50.

China

The Security of China. By Arthur Huck. London, Chatto and Windus. Pp. 93. Maps. 60p.

China's Cultural Revolution. By Gargi Dutt and V. P. Dutt. London, Asia Publishing House, 1970. Pp. 260. Index. £3.25.

Education in Communist China. By R. F. Price. London, Routledge, 1970. Pp. 308. Maps. Bibliog. Glossary. Index. £3.00.

Psychological Research in Communist China, 1949–1966. By Robert and Ai‐li Chin. Cambridge, Mass., and London, MIT Press, 1970. Pp. 274. Glossary. Bibliog. Index. £2.65.

Education and Communism in China. Edited by Stewart Fraser. N.Y. and London, Pall Mall Press, 1971. £2.75.

China's Cultural Legacy and Communism. Edited by Ralph C. Croizier. London, Pall Mall Press, 1970. Pp. 313. £3.50.

Modern Chinese Stories. Selected and edited by W. J. F. Jenner. London, Oxford University Press, 1970. Pp. 271. 60p.

The Gate of Darkness: Studies on the Leftist Literary Movement in China. By Tai‐an Hsia. Seattle and London, University of Washington Press. Pp. 266. Index. £3.77.

Contemporary Chinese Law: Research Problems and Perspectives. Edited by Jerome Alan Cohen. Harvard UP; London, OUP, 1971. Pp. 380. Bibliog. Index. £4.75.

Industrial Development in Pre‐Communist China. A quantitative analysis. By John K. Chang. Edinburgh University Press, 1970. Pp. ix + 147. £2.50.

The Chinese Economy under Communism. By Nai‐ruenn Chen and Walter Galenson. Edinburgh University Press, 1970. Pp. 250. £3.00.

Mao Papers: Anthology and Bibliography. Edited by Jerome Ch'en. Oxford University Press, 1970. Pp. xxxiii+221. £2.75.

The United States and China: The Next Decade. Edited by A. Doak Barnett and Edwin O. Reischauer. The National Committee on United States‐China Relations. Pall Mall Press, London. Pp. 249. £3.25.

The Extraterritorial System in China: Final Phase. By John Carter Vincent. Harvard University Press, 1970. Pp. 119. Index. £1.70.

British Policy in China (1895–1902). By L. K. Young. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1970. Pp. 356. Bibliog. Index. Maps. £3.50.

Taikoo. By Charles Drage. London, Constable, 1970. Pp. xl + 280. Illus. Maps. Bibliog. Appendices. Index. £2.25.

The Origins of Statecraft in China. Volume 1: The Western Chou Empire. By H. G. Creel. Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press, 1970. Pp. ix + 559. £7.80.

Far East

Mongolia, A Profile. By Victor P. Petrov. London, Pall Mall Press, 1970. Pp. 179. Bibliog. Maps. Index. £3.25.

Area Handbook for North Korea. By Rinn‐Sup Shinn and others. Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1969. Pp. xvi + 481. $3.75.

Taiwan: Studies in Chinese Local History. By Leonard H. Gordon. New York and London, Columbia University Press, 1970. Pp. 124. Glossary. Index. £1.60.

Learning to be Chinese: The Political Socialization of Children in Taiwan. By Richard W. Wilson. Cambridge, Mass., and London, MIT Press, 1970. Pp. 203. Bibliog. Index. £4.65.

The Philippines: Industrialization and Trade Policies. By John H. Power and Gerardo P. Sicat. Taiwan: Industrialization and Trade Policies. By Mo‐huan Hsing. London, OUP, for OECD Paris, 1971. Pp. 324. Indexes. £4.00.

Personality in Japanese History. Edited by Albert M. Craig and Donald H. Shively. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1971. Pp. 481. £4.75.

A Collection of Stories from Uji: A Study Translation of the Uji Shūi Mono‐gatari. By D. E. Mills. Cambridge University Press, 1970. Pp. 459. Illus. Bibliog. Index. £3.50.

Archaeology

Southern Arabia. By Brian Doe. London, Thames and Hudson, 1971. Pp. 267. Map. Illus. Bibliog. Index. £4.20.

Looking for Dilmun. By Geoffrey Bibby. London, Collins, 1970. Pp. lx + 383. Maps. Illus. Index. £3.15.

Frozen Tombs of Siberia: The Pazyryk Burials of Iron‐Age Horsemen. By Sergei I. Rudenko, translated and edited by M. W. Thompson. London, Dent, 1970. Pp. xxxvi + 340. Illustrated. Bibliog. Index. £12.60.     

Tlatelolco's Persistent Legacy: A Comparative Analysis of Three Mexican Novels

This article analyses how three Mexican novels, published between 1971 and 1999, respond to the effects of political violence on national identity. It focuses particularly on fictional representations of state-sponsored, politically motivated murder and on how survivors negotiate a social space forever changed by unsolved crimes. The article concludes that an important consequence of political violence is that it undermines the validity of systems of representation that once seemed capable of portraying the national community. Each of the three novels interpreted here adopts a different stance regarding literary language's relationship to its ever-changing sociopolitical contexts.     

新加坡货币政策初探

新加坡金融管理局自 1 971年成立以来 ,成功地维持货币供应量的平稳增长 ,保持了新元汇率稳中趋升的态势。新加坡政府一方面通过多种渠道收缩货币供应量 ,另一方面则通过外汇市场操作 ,向货币市场重新注入资金。这两种方向相反的操作过程有助于维持新元汇率的强势 ,也不致于造成市场新元过度短缺。从新加坡货币管理的实践来看 ,新加坡当局一直强调汇率稳定的重要性 ,以便为促进对外贸易创造良好的条件 ,并维持新加坡对外国投资者的吸引力 ;坚持物价稳定优先的货币政策 ;强调政府作为国民储蓄管理者的的角色。     

China and Cambodia: In the Mirror of History

In recent years, China has been paying greater attention to Southeast Asia and to Cambodia in particular, says Nayan Chanda, director of publications at the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. This interest is not new however, but reflects a partial return to the foreign policy followed by the leaders of China since the days of the Ming dynasty. Historically, China had not been interested in active involvement in Indochina, preferring to limit its role to policies that kept its southern neighbors in check and the region free of influence from another challenging power. This tradition of noninterference was broken in the 1970s, amidst increasing tension between the Soviet Union and China, and the beginning of the Sino-American détente in 1971, which changed the international context of China's foreign policy. Chanda points out that since the collapse of the Soviet Union, there has been a surge in Chinese aid, private investment, dispatch of labor and support for the growing local ethnic Chinese community in Cambodia.     

Bread and justice in Qajar Iran: the moral economy,the free market and the hungry poor

In 1971, E. P. Thompson published a seminal article on eighteenth century English bread riots which was to become a foundational text for the study of such protests. Challenging older elite notions of the irrationality, illegitimacy and even criminality of the ‘mob’, Thompson situated popular direct action in times of food crises within a very specific historical, economic and, most importantly, cultural context. This context produced a deeply held adhesion among the poor to the concept of a ‘moral economy’ and an equally profound rejection of the free market as enshrined in the new political economy of the eighteenth century. This article returns to Thompson's original text in order to assess to what extent his paradigm may be useful in understanding bread riots in Iran. In particular, it examines the evidence which supports the notion that Iran experienced a ‘golden age’ of bread riots in the 1890s and early 1900s, just before and indeed contributing to the outbreak of the constitutional revolution.     

The Bangladesh party-state: a diachronic comparative analysis of party-political regimes

Since independence in 1971, both civilian and military regimes have ruled Bangladesh. As many other military regimes did, the latter civilianised their rule through the formation of political parties and participation in general elections. When diachronically analysing political formations in Bangladesh, it is appealing to make a clear-cut distinction between autocratic and democratic regimes. However, this article argues that throughout its post-independence history, the dominant form of rule has been the party-state. Revisiting the work of Aristide Zolberg, this article develops a typology of party-states, away from its initial focus on single-party regimes. It argues that party-state formation can also be witnessed in competitive electoral settings.