我国慈善捐赠政策的政策变迁与工具选择 ——基于中央层面的政策文本分析

慈善捐赠政策工具的有效使用是连接慈善目标与慈善结果的关键桥梁.采用内容分析法,对中央层面的慈善捐赠政策文本进行筛选、编码与分析,结果显示:受社会环境等多重因素影响,我国慈善捐赠政策呈现明显的阶段性特征;在基本政策工具维度上,慈善捐赠政策存在强制型工具偏多、混合型工具使用不均衡、自愿型工具短缺等特征;在慈善捐赠发展要素维度上,政策工具使用广泛,但不同领域、阶段应用程度不一.未来,政府应该优化政策工具结构,合理匹配政策工具,落实慈善捐赠管理,以完善慈善捐赠政策体系.     

论影响政策工具有效选择的因素

在政策过程中能否选择有效的政策工具是政策目标能否实现的关键。影响政策工具有效选择的因素包括:政策目标、政策工具自身的特征、政策工具选择的环境、以前选择的限制及意识形态因素等。对这些因素进行初步的理论探讨,为决策者选择恰当的工具,实现政策目标提供了依据。     

政策工具选择与运用的逻辑研究——以四川Z乡农村公共产品供给为例

政策工具的选择与运用是政策工具研究的最基本主题和归宿。在梳理政策工具类型、公共产品和政策环境等理论的基础上建构了研究假设,认为政策项目的公共物品属性和政策环境决定了政策工具的选择与运用。通过深度访谈四川Z乡的相关群体,选择该乡若干个案来具体分析纯公共产品、俱乐部产品和公池资源供给中的政策工具选择与运用逻辑。文章验证了研究假设的合理性,并指出政策工具的优化组合是基本原则;引导类工具是实现政策目标的必要保障;管制类工具逐渐减少,市场类和自愿类工具逐渐增多是基本趋势。研究有助于深入理解政策项目的公共产品类型和政策环境因素的复杂交互性是如何影响各种政策工具的配套运用的。本文主要局限在于没有访谈县以上级别的政府官员,未能从他们那里选取经验材料进行分析。     

渐进主义视阈中政策工具的选择

渐进主义分析是政策过程中重要的方法,它是建立在对理性主义方法的批判与吸收基础上产生和发展的,其强调政策过程的改进只是一种渐进的改进,而不是突变的发展。渐进主义分析解决问题的思路是一种试探性的解决,而不是毕其功于一役。渐进主义作为分析政策过程的方法,对政策工具选择的问题同样适用,工具选择及应用也是渐进调试的过程。以渐进主义的视角看,政策工具的选择是建立在政治博弈基础上的活动,而政策目标的动态性以及政策学习能力促成了政策工具选择的渐进主义路径。运用渐进主义视角的分析政策工具选择可以更加清晰地认识到政策工具的性质,提高政策工具选择的满意度以及有利于政策工具本身地位的提升。     

从实质性政策工具到程序性政策工具：国家治理的工具选择

政策工具是政策科学分析的重要主题，对政策目标实现具有显著意义。新世纪以来，政策工具研究虽深入发展，但已有研究更倾向于分析直接影响政策结果的“实质性政策工具”，间接影响政策结果的“程序性政策工具”未得到充分关注。文章通过分析政策工具研究的当代演化及政策工具的分类创新，阐释并比较程序性政策工具与实质性政策工具的效用特点及差异，揭示程序性政策工具研究的源起与价值体现。探寻程序性政策工具理论视角与国家治理现代化实践在政策议题建构、政策制定与政策执行等方面的契合，希冀丰富程序性政策工具研究的中国实践和中国方案，促进国家治理现代化中政策工具选择与应用的创新。     

政策工具选择的视角、研究途径与模型建构

就理论上而言,政策工具选择具有经济学视角、政治学视角、规范视角与法律视角等四种视角;存在传统的途径、修正的途径、制度主叉、公共选择与政策网络五种最为典型的研究途径.政策工具选择的特质在于该选择不仅应考虑政策工具本身还须充分考虑政策工具运作的环境.考虑政策工具本身须运用理性的思维,而当前政策工具运作的"核心环境"为政策网络.因此,对政策工具的选择须基于理性与网络的考虑.     

生态环境政策工具的发展与选择策略

生态环境问题和生态环境治理已然是当今的全球性论题,如何通过生态环境治理有效地解决生态环境问题日益成为各国政府善治的标准.而生态环境政策工具的选择关系到生态环境治理的成败.生态环境政策工具经历了命令-控制型工具、基于市场的激励性工具、自愿性环境协议工具及基于公众参与的信息公开工具的发展演变.这些工具各有利弊,适合于不同的生态环境管理情境.生态环境政策工具的选择应从选择单一的政策工具走向政策工具的组合、从政策工具选择的政治非均衡走向政治均衡、从政策工具的移植走向政策工具的创新.     

论政策工具的公平属性

当政策工具是实现政策目标的手段,蕴涵了追求社会公平的价值倾向,这种倾向是公共政策公平属性的自然延伸。政策工具公平属性的内涵体现在权利公平、机会公平、分配公平和过程公平等四个方面,其中权利公平是基础和前提。从有利于社会公平的角度出发,可供选择的政策工具主要有规范性政策工具、程序性政策工具和技术性政策工具等三种模式,每种模式都不同程度地保障了政策工具公平属性的实现。     

国外发展低碳经济的政策工具选择

一、国外发展低碳经济的政策工具选择现状 政策工具又称为政府工具、治理工具或政策手段，是公共政策执行主体（主要指政府行政部门）将其解决社会问题的实质目标转化为具体行动的手段、方法、路径和机制，是政策执行的技术，是政策目标与政策结果之间的桥梁。低碳经济的政策工具则是指在实施减少以二氧化碳为衡量标准的温室气体排放和化石能源消费中，政府行政部门在制定和运用低碳政策中所采取的各种手段、     

产业政策如何驱动中国应急产业发展?——基于应急产业政策的文本分析

在风险社会背景下,公共安全管理对应急产品和服务的需求不断增长,应急产业应运而生。国家自2007年开始陆续出台政策引导应急产业发展,随着2018年应急管理部的成立,一系列产业政策及措施正越来越成为规范和驱动应急产业发展的重要力量。构建"主体—工具—价值链"三维政策分析框架,采用内容分析法,对国家层面36项政策进行的文本分析显示:我国应急产业政策在主体维度上,呈现"简单"多元化特征;政策工具选择上,供给型政策工具使用过度,需求型政策工具使用不足;在创新价值链维度上,研发阶段政策供给过度,试验、产业化阶段政策覆盖不足。基于此,产业政策驱动应急产业发展需要从政策主体、政策工具和政策价值链三个维度同时推进。     

政策的终结与“终结的政策”

政策终结实质上是决策者的再决策行为。政策终结有利于节省政策资源、提高政策效率和优化政策系统。但是,当前我国政策终结失范影响了政策终结工作的推进,从而影响了改革的进程。因此,尽快建立与健全“政策终结的政策”是推进政策终结顺利进行的根本。     

政策分析与政策分析人员

政策分析与政策分析人员是政策分析领域两个最为重要的概念。本围绕这两个概念，解释了政策分析的概念起源、学科特征、基本类型和研究途径，并阐述了政策分析人员的工作性质、机构背景、关注焦点和分析方法。     

试论公安政策制定的法治化

公安政策作为调整社会公共安全关系的手段,其背后蕴藏的是社会公安价值的分配,继而意味着对社会组织及公民的安全利益分配。其制定过程必然要求多方参与、科学民主。而要保障其政策目的的实现就必须借助法的手段,实现公安政策制定的法治化。     

我国矿产资源管理政策范式变迁研究

矿产资源是支撑国民经济发展的重要物质基础,系统探究矿产资源管理政策范式变迁历程、变迁机制与变迁逻辑,对优化当前矿产资源管理政策具有重要意义。基于政策范式变迁理论框架,以1986年到2019年年间中央层面颁发的511份矿产资源管理政策文本为研究对象,运用政策文献量化的分析方法,对我国矿产资源管理政策的范式变迁与演变逻辑进行研究。研究发现:自1986年《中华人民共和国矿产资源法》颁布实施以来,中国矿产资源管理政策范式经历了“规范化—市场化—集约化—战略化”四个阶段的变迁,每个阶段的政策问题、政策目标和政策工具各有侧重;理念转变和体制改革是推动政策范式变迁的主要原因,其变迁规律体现为政策问题由“基础性”到“战略性”、政策目标由“单一”到“多元”、政策工具由“严格管控”到“宏观调控”的演变逻辑。     

Institutional Change Through Policy Learning: The Case of the European Commission and Research Policy

Research initiatives to enhance knowledge‐based societies demand regionally coordinated policy approaches. By analyzing the case of the European Commission, Directorate‐General Research and Innovation, this study focuses on examining the cognitive mechanisms that form the foundation for institutional transformations and result in leadership positions in regional governance. Drawing on policy learning theories, the study emphasizes specific mechanisms of institutional change that are often less noticeable but can gradually lead to mobilizing diverse groups of stakeholders. Through historical and empirical data, this study shows the importance of policy learning through communication processes, Open Method of Coordination initiatives, and issue framing in creating a stronger foundation for policy coordination in European research policy since the 2000s.     

Success and Failure in Environment Policy: The Role of Policy Officials

This paper reports on interviews conducted between 2010 and 2013 with senior officials involved in Australian federal environmental policies over the past 30 years. It examines whether they have a prior sense of whether an environment policy is likely to succeed and their experience of the key factors driving environment policy success. Most interviewees claimed a strong prior sense of policy outcomes, but their expression of the key factors indicating success (consultation, clear objectives, a clear mandate, and a strong evidence base) varies from the usual emphases found in the public policy literature. The research illuminates the ways in which the policy officials at times exert a greater role than that suggested by the Westminster conventions or the policy theory literature. Not emphasised in the literature, yet pivotal for success in the vexed space of environmental policy, was the self‐directed yet at times skilful policy ‘agency’ exhibited by officials.     

Learning about Learning: Discovering the Work of Policy

The development of policy rests on skilled practice by knowledgeable practitioners – ‘policy work’ – and it is important to know what skills and knowledge this work calls upon, and where these are learned. Although there is substantial academic knowledge and courses in this field, many practitioners will argue that policy work is ‘as much an art as a science’ and is something that ‘you learn as you go’. This article reports on an exploratory study of policy practitioners’ accounts of their practice, what counts as knowledge, and in what contexts it is ‘useful’. We examine the discourses through which policy work is accomplished, the way in which people learn to do it, and the place of academic work in the constitution of these discourses. Drawing on our respondents understanding of policy practice, we discuss what more might be done to facilitate learning about the work of policy.     

Policy Failure and Policy Learning: Examining the Conditions of Learning after Disaster

The policy learning literature indicates that governments can and do learn after a policy failure but not always. The purpose of this study is to examine the conditions under which policy failure leads to policy learning. It asks two questions. First, is policy failure associated with policy learning? Second, if policy is associated with policy learning, does the failure initiate different types of learning? Using the policy failure and learning literatures as an organizing framework, this paper analyzes three comparative cases of policy failure revealed by tornados in Greensburg, Kansas (2007); Joplin, Missouri (2011); and Moore, Oklahoma (2013). It finds that failure of the policy process in agenda setting is associated with instrumental policy learning. It also finds that there are two types of failure of decision making: failure to make a timely decision and failure to make any decision. The two types of decision‐making failure are associated with different types of policy learning. In addition, the contextual factors underpinning the link between policy failure and learning are prior experience with the policy problem and capacity to learn.     

Policy Entrepreneurs,Issue Experts,and Water Rights Policy Change in Colorado

Policy entrepreneurs can influence policy changes and decisions. These people invest their time, knowledge, and skills into promoting policies with which they agree. This paper investigates the influence that entrepreneurs had in the case of recreational water rights policy in Colorado to build a model of policy entrepreneurship. Almost 20 Colorado communities have constructed white‐water kayak courses to boost their local economies. In twelve of these communities, construction was followed by community pursuit of a new form of water right—the recreational in‐channel diversion. This case study is relevant to many areas of environmental policy and management where policies are transitioning from traditional consumptive uses of the resource to nonconsumptive uses. This policy change was not a given in Colorado communities, with recreational water rights requiring significant investments of community resources. These research findings conclude that policy entrepreneurs were influential to policy change, but the most important actors were expert entrepreneurs who hold expertise in water resource matters.     

Perspectives on the Capacity of the Australian Public Service and Effective Policy Development and Implementation

It is a long held tradition of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (ASSA) to invite speakers to address the Fellow's Colloquium as part of the annual symposium, with an aim to spark discussion and debate on a controversial and contemporary topic. In 2010 the debate was focused on the question of whether there had been a degradation of the professional capacity of the Australian Public Service (APS) with regard to effective policy development and implementation. The contributions of each of the four panel members are reproduced here, in part, and they reflect the diverse perspectives which informed a robust and compelling debate. Janine O'Flynn, the editor of these contributions, argues that any claim of degradation is based on rumour rather than hard evidence, and she sets out how we might think about policy capacity from a public sector management perspective. Sue Vardon, the former CEO of Centrelink and the architect of a transformation change program which redefined the delivery of public services in Australia, reflects on the strengths of the APS, but points out the current stresses that it now finds itself under. Anna Yeatman, an expert in political theory and its application to citizenship and public policy, argues that in the last twenty years we have witnessed degradation in the work of government and that this has impacted on policy capacity. Lyn Carson, an expert in deliberative democracy, points to the unrealised capacity that could come from increasing citizen involvement. Policy capacity is degraded, she argues, because we have systems that are neither deliberative nor representative. Individually these contributions spark their own controversies; together they ask us to consider the question in different ways.