关系特质与社会支持——以北京市城市贫困家庭为例

本文考察了城市贫困家庭社会网络的关系特质与其提供的社会支持内容之间的关系。研究发现:在城市贫困家庭的社会关系网络中,家庭经济条件较好者更倾向于提供经济方面的支持,职业声望较高者更倾向于提供就业和经济方面的支持;见面频度与所有支持项目都有显著关系,即见面频度越高,提供支持的可能性越大;在关系类型方面,亲属,特别是近亲,是城市贫困家庭获取多种社会支持的最主要来源。     

公共空间的本体框架：基于共同体形式的重构

公共空间是基于共同体实践由公共性的社会关系塑造的形式结构。公共空间在实践论上是以共同体整体为归属的虚拟存在而非客观的实体存在，在认识论上是以共同体为本体的形式存在而非特定主体行动场域的存在。既往对公共空间的理解呈现为公众路径的客体维度，无法揭示公共空间的本质内涵。公共性的主客体如何构成公共空间的主客体，公共空间的主客体之间又应该如何连接，都要回到公共性本体的社会关系中去寻找。公共性的主客体只有在公共性实践本体形式的场景中才构成公共空间的主客体。在公共性本体的塑造下，公共空间呈现出四种基本样态，即联合主体的共同体意义格局、客体的公共性实践形式、共同体关系网络和共同体实践方式。     

自我认同与价值共识——个人与社会关系的新阐释

传统社会研究中,一直存在着个体主义与整体主义的对立悖论而难于解决。从马克思主义人学视域下实践、交往和社会关系来考察,可以对我国现代社会语境下个人与社会的关系做出新的阐释。一、个人与社会构成共生、互动辩证关系的学理分析(一)实践:个人与社会关系的存在论基础首先,实践是个人与社会关系相互同构的存在论     

信息化时代政府与社会关系的重构

在信息化时代,网络空间的兴起为政府与社会关系的重构提供了重要动力,网络治理是顺应社会民主政治发展的必然趋势.应通过建设一个"强政府"和一个"强社会",做到"强强联合",共同合作、共同治理、共同应对社会发展中的各种挑战.     

交往与制度关系初探

交往在马克思的历史唯物论中占有重要的地位。随着生产力的发展 ,交往已从血缘、民族内受地域限制的交往 ,扩大到不同民族之间世界性的交往 ,而“制度只不过是个人之间迄今所存在的交往的产物”。制度是交往的产物 ,同时 ,制度又对交往起着调节交往行为、控制冲突增强合作、规范社会关系等方面的作用     

网络交往研究新进展

网络交往是随着科技的进步而产生的一种新的交往方式,它有着不同于传统交往方式的特点。本文对近几年国内外网络交往的最新研究成果进行了梳理,总结网络交往的特点、动机、理论、研究方法,探讨网络交往在各相关学科领域的研究问题及其研究进展。     

论马克思实践视域中的社会关系

马克思的社会存在观和社会关系论具有鲜明的实践性特征.实践哲学视野中的一切社会关系在本质上是实践的:社会关系形成于现实的感性活动之中;社会关系是实践活动的方式;劳动实践是人类全部社会关系的本质和基础.离开实践基础的社会关系只能是抽象和虚幻的社会关系.把社会关系规定为社会存在的本质的观点.其主要缺陷是忽视了马克思社会存在观和社会关系论的实践性的根本特征.     

警惕“正义”光环下的网络侵权行为

互联网技术一方面给人类带来了前所未有的高效、便利与舒适。另一方面也在不断打破社会固有的稳定与平衡，给传统的社会关系带来新的冲击。网络侵权行为就是随着网络技术的普及而产生的一个新的社会问题。在众多网络侵权行为中．尤以“人肉搜索”更为引人关注．     

我国网络流行语的构成与特点分析

网络流行语作为近十多年来的新兴事物,其发展势头非常迅猛,日新月异。通过对近几年来网络流行语的收集整理,分析出网络流行语的构成以及网络流行语的五大特点,即表达方式的娱乐性,意义的泛化,传播范围的扩散性,传播速度的快捷性,折射出社会情绪。     

网络言语识别方法研究

网络言语是书面言语的一种,网络言语与口语的联系极其密切。本文试图通过对网络虚拟社区成员构成状况的考察和对网络言语中所能反映出的地域性、时代性、社会性及个体心理、特征的研究,找出一种对网络言语人年龄、籍贯(母语地)、职业身份、文化程度、性别及是否为精神病人等方面进行正确分析判断的途径和方法,从而为网络案件侦查提供客观依据。     

社会网络特性对被拆迁居民行为的影响分析

本文从社会网络特性出发,从成本和心理两个维度分析了搬迁家庭因居住空间的变化而对社会资源摄取的影响,借助社会网络理论和观点对城市房屋拆迁中搬迁家庭进行社会学分析,将有助于解决微观行动与宏观社会结构之间的理论鸿沟问题.本文认为,社会网络的改变和破坏将直接导致被拆迁家庭的成本支出增加,同时也会引起精神和心理的失落和压力.认为在制定和执行房屋拆迁政策时必须充分考虑搬迁家庭社会网络的特性,这样房屋拆迁政策才能得到认同和有效的执行.     

Network Structure and Perceived Legitimacy in Collaborative Wildlife Management

The widespread supposition that collaborative management designs enhance legitimacy must be examined empirically, and the rich diversity of different collaborative arrangements should be better acknowledged in this endeavor. This study adopts a social network perspective and examines three state‐initiated and interest‐based collaborative management arenas in Swedish wildlife management: wildlife conservation committees (WCCs). Is there a link between social network structures in collaborative management arenas and the perceived legitimacy of output by policy stakeholders? This puzzle is addressed through social network analysis combined with survey data and interviews. The empirical results confirm the notion that collaborative arenas consisting of high network closure with many bridging ties across organizational boundaries enjoy a higher level of support among stakeholders directly involved in management, as members of the committees, than networks with a more sparse structure do. This type of well‐integrated network structure seemingly increases stakeholders’ understanding of other actors’ perspectives through deliberation. Contrary to what was expected, though, the empirical analysis did not verify the effect of linking, or outreaching ties between the committee members and the organizations that they represent, on the organizations’ support of WCC decisions. Given the rapid rise of collaborative designs in public administrations, the topic elaborated in this paper is urgent and further research is encouraged.     

Expert network interaction in the European Medicines Agency

The need for supranational regulatory capacity and the drive for governmental control are two colliding forces in international governance. As a solution to this governance dilemma, European administrative networks need to simultaneously fulfill the demand for supranational institutions and maintain governmental control. The assessment of risks associated with medicines authorized on the European market is carried out by such a network of national regulators as part of the European Medicines Agency. To uncover how these double-hatted experts navigate the opportunity structures created by supranational and intergovernmental forces, this study employs social network analysis. Developing exponential random graph models, this study tests to what extent members can act as professional experts in service of the supranational administration and to what extent national features shape interaction. The results indicate that while PRAC members are socialized as professionals in service of supranational deliberation on pharmacovigilance, intergovernmental forces do structure their interactions.     

Social Context and Information Seeking: Examining the Effects of Network Attitudinal Composition on Engagement with Political Information

The people we associate with everyday have an important influence on our exposure and reactions to political stimuli. Social network members in particular can have a dramatic impact on our political views and behavior. Prior research suggests that these attitudinal differences may reflect the information available in a social network: attitudinally congruent networks expose individuals to supporting positions, bolstering their views, while heterogeneous networks provide information on both sides of an issue, generating doubt and ambivalence. In contrast, the current studies examine the effects of individuals’ networks in motivating them to find and engage with new political information on their own. Using ANES panel data, a laboratory-based information board session that examines behavior in detail, and an experimental design that manipulates network composition, we find that individuals in attitudinally heterogeneous social networks are more likely to seek out and attend to political information. They spend more time looking for political information, and then (having found it) spend more time reviewing that new information compared to those whose network members are more like-minded. An experimental study further demonstrates that network composition causally determines these information-seeking preferences. Implications for democratic citizenship in light of these findings are discussed.     

Political Brand Communities as Social Network Clusters: Winning and Trailing Candidates in the GOP 2016 Primary Elections

This study integrates a brand community theoretical framework and a social networks approach to the study of political marketing on social media. It analyzes Twitter activity by and about all Republican candidates during the month of January 2016 prior to the Iowa primary caucus. Specifically, it identifies key patterns of information flow and political brand community emergence surrounding each candidate as well as brand social mediators who play influential roles in content flow. Findings detect network clusters - subgroups of siloed users - who converse to exchange information with one another rather than with disconnected others in any given political brand community. We classify these clusters in two groups: direct communities that surround a brand – here, a candidate – and indirect communities that consist of users who talk about the political brands but are not directly connected to the brand. Within this fragmented community structure, brand social mediators have the power to bridge direct and indirect brand communities across the network. Among the winning and trailing brand communities, different sets of brand social mediators, patterns of information flow, and network structures emerge. The findings suggest that the more successful a political brand is in voter polls, the weaker the social ties and relationships are within the brand communities. The interactions between political brands and their direct vs. indirect communities also exhibit different patterns of information flow. While direct brand communities demonstrate a higher level of reciprocity, indirect brand communities show a higher level of density. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

The Power Dynamics of Mandated Network Administrative Organizations

In understanding what drives the development of network administrative organizations (NAOs) in mandated networks, power bargaining is central. The authors execute a comparative longitudinal case study of NAOs in two policy‐mandated networks. The article focuses specifically on the role of power in these developments and concludes that differences in NAO development arise from power dependencies, which are attributable in part to sector characteristics. It is proposed that mandated network members’ greater interdependence and greater dependence on external nonmembers, as well as whole network dependence on external actors, partly determine mandated networks’ NAO design. These networks will have larger and more capable NAOs (with more staff), accept sharing control of the NAO executive with the mandating party, and have broader responsibilities.     

Social networks and the study of relations: networks as method,metaphor and form

Abstract

Networks have recently become fashionable in social analysis but most of the new network approaches have paid scant attention to the long history of reflections upon the potential of networks as an analytical device in the social sciences. In this paper we chart the developments in networking thinking in two disciplinary areas – social network analysis and social anthropology – in order to highlight the enduring difficulties and problems with network thinking as well as its potential. The first half of the paper explores the uses of network approaches over the past fifty years, situating theoretical and methodological questions in their broader disciplinary contexts. The authors then show how emerging issues from both bodies of work offer the promise of new kinds of networking thinking.     

Who teaches and who learns? Policy learning through the C40 cities climate network

This study examines the network structure of policy learning in the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, which is a network of the world??s largest cities committed to tackling climate change issues. Among forty members and nineteen affiliate members, we ask the question with whom do cities learn and why? How are policy-learning relationships associated with cities?? multi-stakeholder governing body, policy performance, and cultural similarities? While studies on learning have analyzed conditions facilitating learning, quantitative studies of local government learning in global networks are rare. To facilitate the investigation into learning, we conceptualize learning as a process comprising information seeking, adoption and policy change, and focus on information seeking as the foundation step in the learning process. This social network analysis using the exponential random graph model reveals the cities that seek information and those that are information sources are different subgroups. Furthermore, analysis of nodal attributes suggests that transmunicipal learning in the C40 network is facilitated by the presence of a multi-stakeholder governing body; homophily of culture (language and regional proximity); and higher level of climate change policy performance. Creating a multi-stakeholder governing body could ensure participatory representativeness from citizens and relevant stakeholders to enhance climate change policy engagement and decision making as well as policy learning.     

Credit and social capital: The community development potential of U.S. microenterprise programs

Abstract

This article looks at the community‐building activities of microenterprise programs. These programs build community primarily by creating networks that build social capital. Microenterprise programs build two types of networks—networks within programs that typically involve borrowers and networks between programs and other institutions. The article examines (1) the ways in which microenterprise programs motivate the creation of both types of networks; (2) the extent to which these networks are embedded within program structures; and (3) the process by which network formation leads to the accumulation of social capital.

The networks of relationships that Women's Initiative and Working Capital have catalyzed, both within and between programs, build social capital in important ways. The trust building that intraprogram relationships accomplish and the alteration of norms that interprogram relationships accomplish motivate the creation of networks that build social capital. These changes are not sufficient to turn poor communities around, but they are important first steps.