英国反就业歧视制度及实践研究

英国习惯法并不禁止歧视行为,但随着英国加入各种国际组织及国内平权运动的高涨,在20世纪70年代后,英国对于禁止性别、残疾、年龄等制定了大量的法律。当前英国反就业歧视的法律渊源主要包括:欧盟立法和专门性法律。这些法律中就有关就业歧视的违法行为进行了详尽和周密的规定,包括直接歧视、间接歧视、骚扰和受害等四种歧视形态,禁止在雇佣关系中各个阶段的任何歧视。为了有效地防止就业歧视,英国依据《平等法》成立了人权与平等机会委员会。平等机会委员会在应对英国社会中相对突出的就业歧视问题扮演了重要角色。     

国际人权法在中国人权法制建设中的地位和作用

国际人权法在我国人权法制建设中具有十分重要的地位和作用。相关实际部门和学术界对此尚缺乏客观、准确、充分和一致的认识。这既不利于我国对国际人权法规则的进一步接受和适用,也不利于我国人权法制的健全和完善。应从国际人权法的自身情况出发,以国际法基本原则为基础,以“尊重和保障人权”的宪法精神和原则为指导,并以有利于我国人权法制建设和人权状况的改善为目标,对国际人权法在我国人权法制建设中的地位和作用加以重新认识,并在此基础上采取一切适当而必要的步骤和措施,健全和完善人权法制,并促进人权状况的进一步改善。     

行政拘留:被法治遗忘的角落

我国现行行政拘留制度在四个方面存在缺陷。行政拘留应当符合四大基本原则:人权保护原则;参与原则;司法审查原则和救济原则。在从价值观上实现由“形式法治主义”到“实质法治主义”转变的前提下,应当从四个方面对我国的行政拘留制度进行重构。     

法的人本主义

近年来中国提出的以人为本理念,是中外历史上人本主义、民本主义的继承和发展,是当代人类文明发展中有关这一命题各种进步理念的高度概括和理论升华。它的具体内涵可归纳为如下十点:人的价值高于一切;人是目的,不是手段;人是发展的中心主体;促进人的全面发展;崇尚和彰显人性;坚持人的独立自主;尊重人的首创精神;权利优位于义务;权利优位于权力;尊重和保障人权。保障人权是现代法律的根本目的,以人为本应成为现代法律的根本价值准则。依据以人为本的科学内涵指导社会主义法治建设,可以将其概括为法的人本主义。     

Biotechnology,Bioethics and Law: Europe's 21st Century Challenge*

Advances in biotechnology make possible many things which even a few years ago would have seemed unimaginable. However, the steady advance of biotechnological innovation raises difficult questions for ethicists and regulators. In the thirty‐fourth Chorley Lecture Noelle Lenoir analyses the European response to these challenges and calls upon European leaders to honour their commitment to human dignity and to give leadership in the emergent fields of embryo research, cloning and genetic enhancement.     

刑事诉讼法再修改的理性思考

刑事诉讼法的修改,应确立以下几种理念:刑事诉讼法的直接目的为发现真实与保障人权;诉讼模式应以职权主义为基础,融合当事人主义的一些做法;扩大司法参与;确立程序本位和国际优位的思想。     

刑罚轻缓、人权保障与《刑法修正案(八)》——以相关国际公约为蓝本的分析

对照《公民权利与政治权利公约》分析,《刑法修正案(八)》在死刑改革方面的进步值得肯定,但与公约要求的、逐步限制死刑适用以最终废除死刑的目标仍有距离;参照《北京规则》、《美洲人权公约》等分析,新修正案对未成年人、老年人犯罪适用刑罚增加了从宽处理的规定,实现了对弱者的人权保障,但该修正案在建立未成年人及成年人前科消灭制度等方面仍有不足;比照《东京规则》等国际公约分析,其以社区矫正入刑化为代表的非监禁刑之完善,体现了我国对国际公约相关要求的积极回应。     

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Mental Health Law

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) took effect in 2008. This paper discusses a number of flashpoints where the CRPD will require real and significant reconsideration of English mental health and mental capacity law. The CRPD introduces a new paradigm into international disability law, relying on the social model of disability. While that is no doubt a good thing, there is as yet no clear sense as to how that is to be implemented. After providing an introduction to the Convention, the paper considers four specific areas: mental capacity law (focussing on the provisions of the Mental Capacity Act 2005), psychiatric treatment without consent, civil detention of people with mental disabilities, and mental disability in the criminal system (fitness to plead, insanity and diminished responsibility).     

Reforming the United Kingdom Constitution: Law,Convention, Soft Law

The Governance of Britain Green Paper continues the programme of constitutional reform begun in 1997, and appears to reinforce the juridification of the UK's constitution. Nevertheless, several key reforms will be implemented not by legislation, but by creating new conventions. This article argues that such ‘declared’ conventions are best understood as a form of constitutional ‘soft law’, which attempt to influence constitutional behaviour rather than generating binding norms. Applying a regulatory analysis, it then argues that the case for a soft, rather than hard law approach to constitutional reform is weaker than its widespread use in the UK suggests. Finally, the article challenges the thesis that the political constitution is being replaced by a legal constitution, arguing that the government's attitude to constitutional reform still exhibits basic characteristics of political constitutionalism. Moreover, there is more to contemporary constitutional developments than a bipolar contest between political and legal constitutionalism.     

Religion in the Workplace: Eweida and Others v United Kingdom

The European Court of Human Rights judgment in Eweida and Others v United Kingdom dealt with the increasingly controversial questions of religious symbols at work and the clash between free conscience and anti‐discrimination norms. In a change of approach, it held that the right to resign could no longer be seen as adequate protection for religious freedom and that workplace norms that restrict religious liberty must satisfy a proportionality test. However, it accorded a wide margin of appreciation to States in reconciling freedom of conscience and freedom from discrimination, ruling that the importance of non‐discrimination could justify a failure to exempt a religious individual from complying with a policy forbidding discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation.     

论法律保留原则

从我国行政法律理论和实践出发 ,法律保留在我国确立的基本依据是民主原则、法治国家要求和基本人权 ,其适用范围理论应该采用重要性理论 ,其适用的密度应该涉及法律、行政法规、地方性法规、单行条例、自治条例、行政规章等 ,法律保留适用的领域应该包括涉及人身权、财产权、劳动权、受教育权、政治权利以及行政组织和行政程序等行政活动领域 ,而且法律保留原则还要求法律必须具有明确性 ,以保证行政权力公正合理地行使     

财产权、税收和法治的实现

2007年5月30日财政部突然大幅提高印花税,导致股市遭受重创,也给人们带来了很多思索。财政部不恰当地使用税收手段调整股市,凸显了税收法定主义在当下中国阙失所造成的严重后果。毫无疑问,不符合税收法定主义的课税行为不但是对公民财产权的严重侵犯,而且可能会使实现法治的梦想最终落空。在此意义上,行政法学应当关注因税收而引发的种种法治问题并做出自己应有的贡献。     

论中国对专属经济区内他国军事活动的法律立场——以“无暇号”事件为视角

沿海国在专属经济区内是否享有对外国军事活动的管辖权一直以来都存在争议,美国的无暇号海洋测量船闯入中国专属经济区这一事件更引起了中美两国的外交争端。沿海国在专属经济区内享有安全利益,未经沿海国的许可,他国不得借军事测量为名在沿海国的专属经济区内从事危害其国家安全的活动。这种军事测量活动不仅与《联合国海洋法公约》中和平利用海洋的宗旨相悖,而且也不在海洋自由之列,中国可以对此进行必要的拦截。     

《人权宣言》中的行政法思想

《人权宣言》不仅对世界宪法发展产生了重大影响,而且体现了丰富的行政法思想。它不仅是对天赋权利的法律确认,而且将自由作为行政法的前提,蕴涵了正当法律程序的雏形,通过宪法性文件的形式规制了行政法的方向。     

论美国乡村自治法律制度——以《纽约乡村法》为例

乡村自治作为美国地方自治制度的当然组成部分,却一直缺少联邦和州层面的专门法,这与其高度的地方自治形成了鲜明的反差。事实上,以《纽约乡村法》为代表的美国乡村自治法律,无论是成文法,还是不成文法,均有成熟的法理念支持,而且有完善的法律体系。主要体现在,村民自主与政府特许相结合的社团村设立模式、村民选任与村长聘任兼备且功能完整的议事执行机构、高度自治并成良性循环的内生公共秩序、充分独立的立法权和财税权、公平正义的民意表达程序、强制手段和惩戒措施并重的权利救济机制。这种乡村自治法律制度的立法样板,对我国村民自治法律制度的完善具有重要的借鉴作用。     

EU Accession to the ECHR: Between Autonomy and Adaptation

After the European Union's accession to the European Convention on Human Rights the EU will become subject to legally binding judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and participate in statutory bodies of the Council of Europe (Parliamentary Assembly; Committee of Ministers) when they act under the Convention. Convention rights and their interpretation by the ECtHR will be directly enforceable against the EU institutions and against Member States when acting within the scope of EU law. This will vest the ECHR with additional force in a number of Member States, including Germany and the UK. All Member States will further be subject to additional constraints when acting under the Convention system. The article considers the reasons for, and consequences of the EU's primus inter pares position under the Convention and within the Council of Europe, and the likely practical effect of the EU's accession for its Member States.     

习近平法治思想对法治基本价值理念的传承与发展

习近平法治思想对法治的基本价值、理念进行了本土化诠释、时代化丰富和理论性创新。其立足我国国情民意和新时代历史方位,对人民民主、宪法法律至上、公平正义、人权保障、权力监督、法律平等等法治基本价值话语作了深层思考与理论凝练,传承发展了我们党长期以来形成的法治价值理念,揭露了西方法治价值理论的缺陷和偏颇,体现了法治价值普遍性与特殊性的统一,为全面依法治国、建设法治中国提供了价值导向和遵循。深入研究习近平关于法治价值的重要论述意义重大,有利于全面深刻理解习近平法治思想的真谛,有利于提升习近平法治思想的感召力与实践力,有利于增强中国特色社会主义法治理论在国际社会的话语权。     

掠夺性定价的经济学及法律分析——美国和欧盟的经验与趋势

掠夺性定价一般表现为企业为排挤、制约竞争对手或阻碍竞争对手进入市场而在相当长的一段时期内故意将价格设置于其成本之下。其目的是为将竞争对手逐出市场并随后设定高于竞争水平的价格,以收回前期降价的损失。《中华人民共和国反垄断法》以及其他相关的法律法规都包含了禁止掠夺性定价的规定。然而,对于掠夺性定价中的一些具体问题还没有相应的法制规章提供指引和解读,再加上此类案件法院判决的先例在中国现阶段还属少见,因此,本文将详细讲解近年来美国和欧盟的经济学家、反垄断机构以及法院对此类经典案件(如Wanadoo案等)的审理分析经验与趋势,以供借鉴。     

Incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into UK Law: Implications for education

This article focuses on the UK government's proposal to incorporate the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law, and the consequences of incorporation for the individual in the context of education. The first part of the article explores the mechanisms proposed for bringing about incorporation, and stresses in particular the importance attached by the government to upholding the fundamental principle of the sovereignty of the UK Parliament. In this context it emphasises the government's decision to deny to the British courts the capacity to strike down legislative provisions as being incompatible with Convention rights. The second part of the article goes on to explore (highly selectively) a number of key areas in which incorporation of the ECHR has the potential to enhance individual rights in the field of education, including parental choice of school, collective worship and religious education, and aspects of the secular curriculum. The discussion emphasises strongly the likely significance of the UK government's reservation to the second sentence of Article 2 of the First Protocol to the ECHR. Broadly, the conclusion drawn is that the incorporation of the Convention will have only a very marginal impact on the reality of individual rights to education.