事后监督与当庭监督应当兼容并施

任何监督的目的均在于给被监督者施以一种约束力量,以促使被监督者向着监督者指引的方向运行。法律监督就是在解决监督者所要达到的依法状态与被监督者的立法、执法内容或行为是否合乎这种状态的矛盾,从而保证国家的法律能够正确、统一地实施。庭审监督是检察机关作为监督主体为了维护国家的利益和法律不受侵害,保护当事人的合法权益,依据刑诉法规定而对庭审活动的违法情况予以及时纠正,保证审判活动的正常进行。这就是庭审法律监督的价值取向。     

法院调解与法院附设调解

我国大陆地区的法院调解与国外及其他地区的法院附设调解是两种形似神异的纠纷解决机制。基于传统法律理念及司法体制的大陆地区的法院调解制度存在诸多缺陷与弊端,已不能很好地履行新形势下"大调解"格局中的职责,为此,应本着科学精神与理性态度,借鉴和吸收美国、日本及我国台湾地区这些实行非诉式法院附设调解制的典型代表的有益做法,建立起具有中国特色的法院调解制度。     

Court errors

Even the best functioning legal system will not function without committing errors. Court errors can be about questions of law and questions of fact. This paper discusses the implications of court errors for the behavior of the participating litigan's and the wider implications of unavoidable court errors for the performance of a legal system with respect to the selection of disputes.     

Court Procedures

It has been said that “the court is the second trauma.” It might be better to say the system, rather than the court. The President's Task Force (page 51) recommends a federal study “to evaluate the juvenile justice system from the perspective of the victim.” The system may interview the child time and again, each time making her relive the experience, keeping the wound open. It may force her down to court waiting rooms where she sits uncomfortably without even the accoutrements of a dentist's office for hours and then often to be told that the case was continued and to come back next week. She may be put on a witness stand, in a big formal room, with what seems like a thousand eyes staring at her, and a bailiff in full uniform ready to lock her up, and a judge in a black robe towering above her. She may find that the newspapers and television are full of her name and pictures and stories about what happened to her which they obtained from the official records. And this may make her the focus of her classmates with all the brutal teasing that can involve. The system may also suddenly arrest her father and just as suddenly release him. It may plea bargain away her future hope of rehabilitation without even talking to her, in the name of speedy justice. The system is always more concerned with the well-being of the criminals than of the victims. When children are the victims, surely change can be made. Recommended by the President's Task Force (page 73), a starting point is to require “that judges at both the trial and appellate level(s) participate in a training program addressing the needs and legal interests of crime victims.”     

Court Discretion

All mention of specific types and dimensions of dangerous behavior, given by witnesses in testimony in 414 civil commitment hearings of allegedly dangerous mentally ill adults in one state, was recorded to see how such evidence affects court decision. A positive association between involuntary commitment and evidence of dangerous behavior as defined by appellate courts was found. Commitments increased with movement up a continuum of action and physical harm and with recency and recurrency. Much of the variance in involuntary commitment is explained by court concern with substantive justice.     

对法院调解的若干思考

全文依照<中华人民共和国民事诉讼法>论述了法院调解制度的产生;分析了法院调解制度在司法实践中存在的一些问题和与市场经济发展存在的不适应以及理论上对法院调解的一些争议;对如何逐步完善法院调解制度以适应我国社会主义市场经济的发展和新的社会形势进行了探讨.