“受害人谅解”制度

半块砖（笔名）在《犯罪与改造研究》2004年第8期上撰文《建立“受害人谅解相关制度的设想”》，提出，在现行监狱执行刑罚的制度框架内，监狱人民警察帮助、指导、监督某些类型或处于某个改造阶段的罪犯，采用合情合理合法的方式，直接（需要受害人的同意）或间接（通过监狱机关、监狱警察或者罪犯亲属）与受害人取得联系。进行沟通，在感情、精神等方面表达认罪服法，真诚认错悔罪，以取得受害人对罪犯的思想改造成果某种程度的认可和表示某种程度谅解的书面意见。     

中华文化“和合”思想与恢复性行刑之契合

“和合”思想是中华文化的重要特质。恢复性行刑在于修复罪犯与受害人关系，恢复正常的社区和社会秩序，故恢复性行刑理念与“和合”精神不谋而合。契合“和合”思想与监狱恢复性行刑，重在实践：积极营造监内“和合”文化，建立向受害人和相关人悔罪机制，赋予罪犯劳动改造制度新的内涵，促进监狱与社会的和谐互动。     

我国罪犯教育存在的问题及其改革

我国监狱的罪犯教育方式是在社会主义计划经济体制条件下生成、发展起来的。在向社会主义市场经济体制转型过程中，原有的罪犯教育方式已经不能完全适应罪犯改造的要求，需要探索一种新的罪犯教育方式，即确立教育和劳动相结合，以教育为主的原则；优化配置罪犯教育资源；增强对罪犯的社会化教育；建立激励罪犯自愿受教育的机制。     

DNA体外扩增技术在法庭科学性别鉴定中的应用研究（Ⅰ）

在刑事犯罪案件中,如杀人、强奸等案件,由于罪犯在实施犯罪时的暴力行为,以及受害人的反抗行为,常常使罪犯或受害人一方或双方的身上留有对方的血液甚至组织块,这是认定犯罪的极为重要的有时甚至是唯一的证据。在对这类案件进行检验时,常常遇到受害人和罪犯血型、酶型及其他生物     

肖国宣的行为应定为抢夺罪

盗窃罪与抢夺罪虽然都有“乘人不备”的情况,但其内容则是根本不同的。盗窃罪中的“乘人不备”是指罪犯主观上而言的,即罪犯自己认为其行为没有或不会被发觉。至于在客观上是否被受害人或第三者当场发觉并不影响定性。同样道理,抢夺罪中的“公开夺取”不仅是指客观上行为的方式,也包括罪犯主观上的因素,即罪犯是以公开抢夺作为故意内容的。而抢夺罪中的“乘人不备”,是指客观而言的,指客观上受害人被侵犯时毫无戒备的状态,我们应该把这两种情况严格区分开来。     

论制约监狱心理矫治工作发展的原因及对策

我国罪犯心理矫正工作虽然经过近二十年的发展，已经有了长足的进步，但仍然存在规范不强、层次不高、手段不多的问题。究其原因，主要是人们在观念上对罪犯心理矫治的定位过于狭窄，束缚了罪犯心理矫治的发展；在这项工作的开展中，与其他部门的工作结合不紧，形成合力不够；缺少专家的指导和专业人员的培训。当前应当打破传统的运作方式，实现“一个转变”，达到“两个规范”，做到“三个结合”，将罪犯心理矫治工作提升到较高的水平。     

外省籍罪犯的特点及改造对策

在押外省籍罪犯的特点是：年纪轻，刑期短，财产型犯罪比例高；文化低，素质差，来自农村的多；家庭贫困、单身的多，不认罪服判的多。外省籍罪犯普遍缺乏生活热情和改造信心，除文化因素外，客观上存在的外省籍犯和本省籍犯减刑上、处遇上的差别，对外省籍罪犯在使用上缺乏信任，重劳动、轻教育等做法，是重要的影响因素。改造外省籍罪犯的要点，是破除地域观念，实现司法公正，营造外省籍罪犯与本省籍罪犯和谐相处的环境，在同化中改造罪犯。     

推行劳动改造竞争上岗 建立安全稳定长效机制——重庆市渝州监狱推行罪犯劳动改造竞争上岗分级处遇管理的调研

推行罪犯劳动改造竞争上岗办法，是监狱在实际工作中树立和落实科学发展观，依法、科学、文明管理罪犯的具体体现。其具体内容就是监狱在教育改造罪犯过程中，引入社会竞争规则，在安全允许的条件下，让罪犯自愿选择劳动岗位及劳动量，以人为本，承认罪犯间个体差异，达到从机制上调动罪犯自觉改造，最终提高改造质量的目的。推行罪犯劳动改造竞争上岗分级处遇管理，有利于保护罪犯的合法权益；有利于防止执法腐败的滋生；有利于减少警囚矛盾；有利于安全稳定长效机制的建立。     

罪犯自我闭锁心理及对策

罪犯自我闭锁心理是罪犯改造过程中常见的心理现象，这种心理现象具有隐蔽性、封闭性、自我中心性、自我防卫性等特征。它的产生与罪犯所处的监狱环境、消极的社会阅历、法律的惩罚性、思维方式以及监狱环境的外部条件等均有直接或间接的关系。它直接使罪犯的心理活动自我封闭，不仅在服刑中使罪犯产生人际关系障碍，而且严重影响监狱对罪犯的改造活动。因此，优化监狱教育改造环境；在罪犯中积极开展心理健康教育和心理咨询工作，培养罪犯健康心态；加大情感投入，打开罪犯的闭锁之心；转变教育改造观念，改进教育改造方法，适应时代发展的需要等是矫治罪犯自我闭锁心理的有效途径。     

罪犯人权保障的实际状况及改进人权的几点建议

罪犯人权问题是国际社会普遍关注的重大问题，也是西方敌对势力借此对我国推行西化战略的一个重要武器，我们不能回避罪犯的人权问题，应该向国际社会发出一个我国重视监狱人权保障的强烈信号。我国监狱通过各种方式和机制保障罪犯人权实现，然而罪犯的人权保障，法律还应对执法者的公权和罪犯私权有明显的界定；法律既要保障罪犯的权利又要规定罪犯的义务；在执法中既要讲理性又要讲人道；在执法机制中要平衡刑罚执行权和检察监督权；在监狱工作整体上处理好改造创新与法律制度的关系。     

强奸致孕形成部分性葡萄胎的检验分析

目的探讨强奸致孕案葡萄胎组织的DNA检验和STR结果分析。方法用DNA Typer TM15试剂盒对犯罪嫌疑人、受害人血样和流产胚胎组织进行荧光复合STR基因座扩增检测。结果检测的一例流产胚胎组织DNA的STR峰谱表现出部分3条带,且3条带中有两个等位基因来源于犯罪嫌疑人,另外一个来源于受害人,推断为单卵双精子受精的部分性葡萄胎。结论应用STR分型技术可以推断葡萄胎的DNA来源和受精类型,为亲缘关系鉴定提供依据。     

葡萄胎的DNA检验

目的探讨一例强奸案中的葡萄胎样本的DNA检验及结果分析。方法用Identifiler试剂盒对葡萄胎样本和受害人血样进行荧光复合STR基因座扩增并分型。结果该例的葡萄胎在15个STR基因座上分型均为纯合子,应属于单精子受精的完全性葡萄胎。结论葡萄胎类型多种,对应着不同的DNA分型,在实际案件的检验中应引起注意。     

Rape Crisis Centers and Programs: “Doing Amazing,Wonderful Things on Peanuts”

Even though the anti-rape movement began more than 30 years ago and there is greater awareness of sexual violence, are rape crisis centers or programs financially secure? Data from interviews with 63 rape crisis workers and volunteers from 6 rape crisis centers or programs located in 4 East Coast states indicate not only that rape crisis centers/programs continue to struggle financially but also that lack of funding continues to present challenges. When rape crisis centers/programs experience reductions in funding, staff positions are eliminated, remaining staff and volunteers are overworked, efforts to recruit and train volunteers are compromised, services for victims are reduced, and education and outreach to the communities become less available. Lack of funding negatively affects rape crisis centers/programs and jeopardizes their future.     

DNA identification of sperm cells collected and sorted by flow cytometry

In cases of rape, obtaining enough biologic material for DNA identification of the attacker is often difficult because the methods for distinguishing and separating sperm cells from vaginal cells are not sufficiently efficacious. This article describes a new, innovative method for spermatic DNA extraction from the vaginal washing fluid by means of flow cytometry. The high specificity and sensitivity of the flow-cytometric sorting method provides enough sperm cells for DNA typing. The ease of execution of this method, involving vaginal washing with physiologic solution and flow-cytometric reading of the fresh sample, substantially increases its cost-benefit ratio.     

Results of collaborative study regarding the standardization of the Y-linked STR system DYS385 by the European DNA Profiling (EDNAP) group.

Y-chromosome linked short tandem repeat (STR) loci are inherited as a closely linked haplotype, which appears to remain stable in a given paternal lineage over many generations. In forensic cases, Y-linked STRs are particularly useful for the identification of human remains as well as in rape cases with mixed male/female stain samples. DYS385 is derived from tandemly duplicated segments of the Y chromosome thus giving rise to two fragments of variable length which do not behave like alleles but genotypes. The European DNA Profiling (EDNAP) group has carried out a collaborative exercise among 14 participating laboratories using DYS385 for typing of five unknown bloodstains and a control sample. Furthermore, population data from eight different European countries with samples sizes between 91 and 150 male individuals were collected. The results confirm previous observations that DYS385 is one of the most informative Y-linked STR loci. It could also be demonstrated that reproducible results can be obtained independently from the electrophoretic separation and detection methods used. Thus DYS385 may serve as a useful complementation to the routinely used autosomal STR systems in special cases.     

Status, Threat, and Stereotypes: Understanding the Function of Rape Myth Acceptance

This study applied system justification theory to understand the function of rape myth acceptance. Participants read a rape scenario that manipulated the difference in status between the perpetrator and victim, as well as the potential threat to perpetrator as depicted by whom the victim told about the rape. People’s opposition to equality and gender separately and together predicted rape myth acceptance. People with higher opposition to equality reported less rape myth acceptance when a higher-status perpetrator got away with rape than when he was reported to police. Conversely, people with lower opposition to equality reported more rape myth acceptance when the higher-status perpetrator got away with rape. People’s opposition to equality and gender interacted such that men with lower opposition to equality also reported more rape myth acceptance when the equal- and lower-status perpetrator got away with rape. Gender predicted rape myth acceptance such that when the lower-status perpetrator was reported to the police, women reported more rape myth acceptance whereas men reported less rape myth acceptance. This is the first study to show that rape myth acceptance is malleable and strategically motivated. These findings have implications for not only understanding rape myth acceptance, but also other ideologies that explain unethical behavior by advantaged groups.     

Parentage determination on aborted fetal material through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) profiling

After a rape, women who are pregnant often elect to abort the fetus. The authors describe ten cases in which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing was performed on the aborted fetal material to provide evidence of the genetic constitution of the suspect. The problems encountered with this new technique are discussed.     

Prenatal and newborn paternity testing with DNA analysis

In rape against youthful girls which yields pregnancy after the abortion DNA examinations can be performed from the aborted foetal material to provide evidence of paternity of the suspect. In our present work we demonstrate six cases: four of them are rape cases and two where the mother abandoned her newborn baby. These cases proved that DNA-STR profiles can be determined from foetus after the abortion and perpetrator of a rape can be found. Due to our result we suggest that not only placenta but also bloody vernix caseosa is useful tissue for identifying the putative mother because vernix caseosa can be the carrier of the mother's blood.     

Forensic identification of a rapist using unusual evidence.

This case report demonstrates a rape case, where no semen, hair, or fingerprints were left by the perpetrator at the crime scene, but rather uncharacteristic biological and physical evidence in the form of a lollipop and a pair of glasses. Three separate forensic laboratories collaborated using conventional forensic methods of PCR DNA typing, photography, and toolmark comparisons to provide investigators with scientific evidence which in turn was instrumental in bringing a violent criminal to justice. The importance of evaluating each item of evidence and realizing its forensic value is stressed in this case report.     

Rape Victim Blaming as System Justification: The Role of Gender and Activation of Complementary Stereotypes

This research examined reactions towards female rape victims from a system justification perspective. Study 1 demonstrated that gender-related system justification motivation (Modern Sexism) predicted the propensity to blame a female rape victim among men, but not among women. Modern sexism predicted rape victim blaming among men even when statistically controlling for a general antipathy towards women, and the results were unaffected by social desirability concerns. Consistent with previous study on system justification theory, we demonstrated in Study 2 that system justification motivation can predict victim blaming also among women, provided that complementary stereotypes about women have been activated. By contrast, system justification motivation predicted men’s propensity to blame a rape victim irrespective of whether complementary stereotypes about women had been experimentally activated.