声纹鉴定中普通话音素间过渡方式特征研究

不同人所讲的普通话语流中相邻音素间的过渡方式分为不同的类型.音节内辅音-元音之间、音节间元音-辅音之间的过渡方式分为清晰过渡(或停顿过渡)和模糊过渡(或缓冲过渡)两种类型;音节内元音-辅音之间的过渡方式分为间断过渡和连续过渡两种类型;音节内元音-元音之间的过渡方式分为平滑过渡、间断过渡、交错过渡和异变过渡四种类型.对同...     

女性普通话塞音过渡音征个体特性初探

目的考察塞音过渡音征的个体特性及在说话人鉴定中的价值。方法选取9位女性发音人普通话中的6个塞音与元音/i、a、u/组成的单音节,提取每个音节F2、F3的起点值和目标值进行统计分析,并计算说话人的塞音音轨。结果 （1）过渡音征形态特征在不同说话人之间具有差异;（2）各音节的说话人区分率呈现较大区别,音节/tu/的说话人区分率较高而/khu/音节几乎不具备说话人区分能力;（3）与零声母音节相比,音节中3个元音的F2共振峰频率均值受到塞音的影响而提高,其中/i、a/F2提高的幅度要大于/u/;（4）不同说话人的音轨存在差异。结论在说话人鉴定中选取塞音音节进行比对时要注意不同音节的说话人区分率,尽量避免选取舌根塞音音节;塞音过渡音征的形态和音轨数据可以应用于说话人鉴定。     

利用线性预测谱LPC对元音区别力量化分析的研究

本研究利用LPC对10位发音人的正常单元音相同声调（a、o、e、i、u、ü）进行识别测试,进一步探讨LPC提取出来的各个参数对于区分说话人的作用。提取元音最平稳的一段进行长时LPC分析,分析不同人的语声声纹差异性和同一人语声声纹的总体特殊性。结果显示,每个话者的自身差异都明显小于话者之间的差异。因此利用LPC提取元音的共振峰振幅与相邻弱谷幅值之差对比分析对话者具有有效区别力。     

人与动物mtDNA细胞色素b基因的序列差异

目的 探讨人与动物之间mtDNA细胞色素b(Cyt-b)基因序列差异及其种属鉴定。方法 采用1对Cyt-b基因通用引物对人和19种动物共171例样本的mtDNA进行PCR扩增,琼脂糖凝胶检测扩增产物,ABI 377测序仪及荧光测序技术分析扩增产物的DNA序列。结果 所有样本均检测到1条358bp的扩增片段;任何两种动物扩增片段的序列都不相同,人与19种动物的序列差异在18.9％-30.0％,19种动物之间的序列差异在5.9％-32.9％。同种动物不同个体间只有人、驴及小白鼠存在变异,最多有4个碱基变异位点(1.3％),其它动物未发现种内变异。结论 人与不同种动物的Cyt-b基因序列存在差异,以此可区分不同种属的动物。     

民办非企业单位登记暂行办法

第一条 根据《民办非企业单位登记管理暂行条例》(以下简称条例)制定本办法。 第二条 民办非企业单位根据其依法承担民事责任的不同方式分为民办非企业单位(法人)、民办非企业单位(合伙)和民办非企业单位(个体)三种。 个人出资且担任民办非企业单位负责人的,可申请办理民办非企业单位(个体)登记; 两人或两人以上合伙举办的,可申请办理民办非企业单位(合伙)登记; 两人或两人以上举办且具备法人条件的,可申请办理民办非企业单位(法人)登记。 由企业事业单位、社会团体和其他社会力     

PowerPlex~(TM) 16体系在中国人群中罕见等位基因及其类型

目的 分析PowerPlexTM 16体系基因座在中国人群中的罕见等位基因及其类型。方法 应用PCR-STR和DNA序列分析技术,对4650个无关个体在15个STR基因座中的罕见等位基因进行检测。结果 在PowerPlexTM16体系中的D7S820、D16S539、Penta E基因座,检测到2种类型的罕见等位基因,而TH01、D21S11、D5S818、D13S317、Penta D、D8S1179、TPOX、FGA基因座检测出1种类型。其等位基因频率均较低(0.215‰-7.097‰)。结论 超出ladder范围的罕见等位基因序列比相邻等位基因增加(或减少)1个或数个重复单位,因碱基的插入或缺失的罕见等位基因出现在两等位基因之间。     

德国公法相邻关系制度初论

在现代社会,仅仅依靠民法相邻关系制度不能完全解决相邻不动产空间规整及邻人利益保护问题,于是出现了公法相邻关系制度。公法相邻关系法与民法相邻关系法尽管各自规范的对象和目的不同,但二者在功能上具有很强的互补关系。公法相邻关系法与民法相邻关系法以不同方式实现对邻人利益的保护,但这两种不同保护方式也会不可避免地发生冲突。我国现行法对公法相邻关系作了一般性规定,有必要在相关的具体法律中进一步充实和完善;公法相邻关系法与私法相邻关系法之间的冲突首先应通过立法方式加以解决。在缺乏规定时,应放弃司法实践中所采用的公法优位说,借鉴德国的双轨制说。     

广州话语音声纹鉴定中的量化分析研究

本研究从一般元音(音节核心)的同一认定方法着手,着重从定量分析方面研究声学特征参量,把多元统计方法使用到声纹鉴定中。通过计算变异系数、相关系数、正态性检验、方差分析等基本统计分析,对于男性语音,制定了马氏距离判别数学模型,判对率达98.3%;对于女性语音,制定了费歇(Fisher)判别数学模型,判对率达93.5%。本研究解决了声纹鉴定对声学特征参量定量分析方面的问题,确定了判定阈值及鉴定所需音节数,提供了一种新的语音判别方法。     

法律漏洞类型化及其补充——以物权相邻关系为例

基于发现法律漏洞和填补法律漏洞的不同方式,应把法律漏洞分为禁止拒绝裁判式漏洞、目的漏洞和原则漏洞三种大类。在具体操作层面,基于应然判断的逻辑形式,类推在逻辑上并非基于案件的实质相似性,而是一个先抽象反思(归纳)再演绎的过程;目的性扩张为类推的一种特殊类型;总体类推应属于目的漏洞而非原则漏洞。在漏洞确认和漏洞填补两者的关系上,目的漏洞和原则漏洞没有本质不同,即在这两者漏洞确认和漏洞填补都并非是一个完全同一的过程。运用民法不动产相邻关系中的具体例子,来具体说明法律漏洞补充的理论,从而也对物权法不动产相邻关系相关规范的具体解释适用提出了一些新的见解。     

民法重点问题讲座提纲

第六讲共有和相邻关系一、共有(一)概念:共有是指两个或两个以上的公民或法人,对同一项财产享有所有权的情况。因共有财产而产生的共有人之间权利义务关系就是共有财产关系。共有与公有不同,共有关系的各个共有人仍然对其财产享有所有权,公有关系在法律上则否定了各个成员的财产所有权,而确立了公自组织的所有权。     

Academic spin-offs, corporate spin-outs and company internal start-ups as technology transfer approach

As a rule, a technology transfer gap exists between research and development and the commercialisation of the results. This article investigates the role of new ventures for technology transfer from universities and research institutions as well as between or within companies to close this gap. Based on case studies in Germany and Switzerland, different examples of this technology transfer approach have been analysed. Academic spin-offs can help to transfer technology from universities and research institutions to industry especially if there is the need for additional funding to further develop the technology. Corporate spin-outs can be used for technology transfer between companies as an alternative to closing operations should these no longer fit into the parent organisation. Internal start-ups were identified as a new approach for company internal technology transfer from research departments to business units focused on commercial operations to overcome innovation barriers within companies.     

检察机关法律监督职能的“表达”与“实践”——以宪法定位与实践的背离为视角

“检察机关是国家法律监督机关”的宪法定位与检察机关的法律监督实践存在较大差距和背离，这种背离现象引起了理论界关于检察制度的质疑牙口争论。导致法律监督职能“表达”与“实践”之间背离的原因是法律监督立法本身不协调、法律现代化转型过程中“移植法治”的路径造成检察制度多元混合体的弊端、制度变革中“立法推动主义”路径的局限以及检察基础理论研究的“内卷化”倾向等。“表达”与“实践”之间的背离对检察工作的影响是双重的，既可能引起理论争议从而削弱检察机关的权威，也可能促使检察机关采取推动法律监督立法、成立专门的诉讼监督机构等多种措施强化法律监督，以逐渐找回自身正当性的定位。     

The recent marital transition in Bulgaria between historical diversity and Pan-European integration

This paper deals with the development of family dynamics in Bulgaria with particular emphasis on the transformation in individual marital behaviour observed since the early 1990s. First, a brief overview of the development of nuptiality over the last century is provided, which establishes the stability of important features associated with the eastern European marriage pattern. The recent marital changes in the country are then discussed in the context of an evolving Second Demographic Transition, which challenges the last remnants of the eastern European marriage pattern and proceeds as an integrative trend toward the plurality of family forms observed within and between European countries. Special attention is directed towards the urban–rural differences in the development of the recent marital transition in Bulgaria. These differences are analysed from the perspective of the subjective preconditions associated with the change or stability of particular values and world-views related to marital life. The analysis shows that in Bulgaria during the 1990s it was the big cities that tended to be innovative centres, disseminating the new familistic values and behavioural patterns that facilitated the development of new marital trends. Conversely, the towns and villages tended to be places in which traditional values were stronger and prevailed for longer. These values, along with some structural factors, maintained the more traditional marital profile of the rural areas for longer.     

The recent marital transition in Bulgaria between historical diversity and Pan-European integration

This paper deals with the development of family dynamics in Bulgaria with particular emphasis on the transformation in individual marital behaviour observed since the early 1990s. First, a brief overview of the development of nuptiality over the last century is provided, which establishes the stability of important features associated with the eastern European marriage pattern. The recent marital changes in the country are then discussed in the context of an evolving Second Demographic Transition, which challenges the last remnants of the eastern European marriage pattern and proceeds as an integrative trend toward the plurality of family forms observed within and between European countries. Special attention is directed towards the urban–rural differences in the development of the recent marital transition in Bulgaria. These differences are analysed from the perspective of the subjective preconditions associated with the change or stability of particular values and world-views related to marital life. The analysis shows that in Bulgaria during the 1990s it was the big cities that tended to be innovative centres, disseminating the new familistic values and behavioural patterns that facilitated the development of new marital trends. Conversely, the towns and villages tended to be places in which traditional values were stronger and prevailed for longer. These values, along with some structural factors, maintained the more traditional marital profile of the rural areas for longer.     

欧盟过境货物知识产权保护最新态势——兼评欧洲法院“NOKIA”案和“PHILLIPS”案

自2008年10月以来,在欧盟一些海关屡屡发生过境货物遭到扣押的事件,尤其是荷兰海关屡次扣押印度等国的过境药品,引起国际社会的极大关注.英国和比利时法院分别在审理“NOKIA”案和“PHIILIPS”案过程中对过境货物是否扣押产生疑问,并向欧洲法院提出咨询.近期欧洲法院对两案合并审理,做出一项里程碑意义的判决,厘清了过境货物、 “虚拟制造”理论等基本问题,对欧盟海关的知识产权执法和法院司法都有很好的指导作用,对于我国政府和企业也不无裨益.     

Gender Pay Gap in Poland

In this paper we examine the gender pay gap in Poland over 1987–1996, i.e., shortly before and during the transition to market economy. The principle source of data used throughout the paper is the Household Budget Survey conducted by the Polish Central Statistical Office. The study documents three major results. First, the transition to market economy in Poland favored women substantially in terms of relative earnings differentials. The gender pay gap decreased by 10.2 log% points and the position of mean female in male wage distribution went up by 9.9 percentiles over 1987–1996. By 1995, the values of these measures reached the level observed in industrial economies such as the U.K., Austria, Italy or Australia. Second, rising relative skills of women and rising returns to skills explain about half of the fall in the gender pay gap over 1987–1996. Third, the pay gap did not follow a smooth adjustment process. 1989, the year of the first democratic parliamentary elections, which resulted in forming the first non-communist government, saw the most spectacular change, although actual market reforms began one year after. The changes in the early phase of the transition were mostly driven by sudden shifts in relative wages and employment across industries. Afterwards, the pay gap measures stabilized, partly because rising overall wage inequalities offset the advantages of females due to observed skills.     

已婚者变性权问题初探

我国法律目前并没有禁止已婚者变性的规定。按照"法无禁止即许可"原则,只要其符合医学上有关变性的公认条件,就应当确认和保护他们的变性权。同时,已婚者实施变性手术不应以离婚为前提条件。我们应当加快立法步伐,从法律上赋予其变性权利,并将变性作为夫妻感情确已破裂的法定理由。