刑事和解制度的理论概述

刑事和解制度是世界现代司法实践过程中所产生的新的司法模式,其改变了传统刑事司法观念,在重新构建刑事法律关系时将被害人融入其中。刑事和解制度的适用蕴涵着恢复性司法的价值理念,使刑法在起到惩罚犯罪人作用的同时保障了被害人的利益,修复了犯罪人与被害人之间的关系,为犯罪人将来重新回归社会提供了有利条件。     

恢复性司法视野下刑事和解的衡平建构

恢复性司法是刑事和解的理论基础,刑事和解需要置于恢复性司法的视野下才能全面发掘刑事和解的制度价值。刑事和解与我国传统观念存在价值上的的冲突,故要实现刑事和解的衡平建以刑事一体化理念为指导,构筑受害人谅解基础、健全柔性刑罚体系、建立刑事被害人救助制度、引入刑法人格化理念。     

和谐语境下刑事被害人国家补偿制度之构建

在犯罪学作为一门学科出现以前,古典刑法主要规定的是刑罚,即死刑、自由刑、财产刑。古典刑法认为惩罚了犯罪人社会就公正,就恢复正义了。但国家把解决犯罪的权力垄断以后,实际上把被害人的权利给忽视了。我国现行法律对犯罪嫌疑人、被告人权利保障的重视程度已经大为提升,相比之下,对被害人权利保障日显不足。刑事被害人国家补偿制度对被害人而言是一种恢复性的刑事保护制度。本文在借鉴国外立法和司法的基础上,结合我国的具体国情,提出如何在我国构建刑事被害人国家补偿制度。     

恢复性正义视角下的刑事被害人保护若干问题研究

近年来,随着恢复性司法的兴起,恢复性正义作为一种刑事司法正义观的新发展,为刑事被害人权利保护提供了新思路。本文以恢复性正义理念为视角,从一起刑事案件入手审视和分析现阶段我国刑事被害人保护的立法和运行情况,力图为刑事诉讼中的被害人保护找到合理定位和完善对策。     

恢复性正义视角下的刑事被害人保护若干问题研究

近年来，随着恢复性司法的兴起，恢复性正义作为一种刑事司法正义观的新发展，为刑事被害人权利保护提供了新思路。本文以恢复性正义理念为视角，从一起刑事案件入手审视和分析现阶段我国刑事被害人保护的立法和运行情况，力图为刑事诉讼中的被害人保护找到合理定位和完善对策。     

走出认识误区,引进恢复性司法程序

恢复性司法作为目前的热门话题,就其价值取向、利弊分析、我国的引入问题尚存有各种不同观点;我国学者目前对该项制度的理解本身存在着一定误区;出于对刑事被害人利益保护的要求,在当前提倡以人为本、构建和谐社会和实施宽严相济刑事政策的大环境下,我国迫切需要引入恢复性司法制度,以解决传统刑事司法的弊端与无奈。     

浅谈构建我国生命健康权受侵犯的刑事被害人补偿制度

随着我国法治进程的不断发展,司法理论和实践开始逐步重视对被害人权利的保护,建立刑事被害人国家补偿制度的呼声越来越高。但是就我国目前的状况而言,要建立一个全面的刑事被害人补偿制度并不是一蹴而就的事情,欲速则不达,我们应该循序渐进,有计划、分阶段的完成刑事被害人补偿制度的建立。万事开头难,要想跨出从理论到实践的第一步,应该先将刑事被害人分类,并从最亟待解决的问题上入手,即建立我国生命健康权受到侵犯的刑事被害人的国家补偿制度。     

构建中国式恢复性司法若干问题的思考——以上海市轻伤案件委托人民调解为视点

"恢复性司法"是近年来国际上一项新的刑事司法制度.指在案件处理过程中让犯罪人与被害人面对面接触,通过犯罪人的道歉、赔偿、社会服务等,使被害人因犯罪所造成的物质精神损失得到补偿,使被害人因犯罪影响的生活及时恢复常态.同时也使犯罪人通过积极负责任的行为重新融入社区,并赢得被害人和社会的谅解。恢复性司法作为一项刑事司法改革措施.发端于二十世纪六七十年代的北美.最早的努力可以溯源于六十年代少年司法系统内被害人和加害者调解程序。1999年7月28日,联合国通过了《制定和实施刑事司法调解和恢复性司法措施》,2000年7月27日,联合国又通过了《关于在刑事事项中采用恢复性方案的基本原则》。在这一刑事司法改革浪潮的影响下,上海市大力推进轻伤害案件委托人民调解工作.这可以说是中国式恢复性司法模式的雏形。一、构建中国式恢复性司法的利弊因素分析     

我国刑事被害人救助制度刍论——以救助范围、标准、程序为视角

随着"恢复性司法"理念的传播,各国相继以统一立法形式建立刑事被害人救助制度,与此同时,我国的刑事被害人救助制度也在不断的探索和完善,但这种探索目前多以地方立法的形式呈现,整体表现出立法层级低、救助范围窄、救助标准低、最后手段性等特征。通过借鉴日本《犯罪被害人等给付金支给法》和我国台湾地区"犯罪被害人保护法"的相关规定,对我国刑事被害人救助制度从救助范围、救助标准、救助程序三个方面进行分析对比,并提出合理化建议。     

恢复性司法在我国监狱刑罚执行中的具体适用

恢复性司法是一种理念,也是一种制度模式,其核心在于改变传统刑事司法以惩罚为主的观念,把促进和解、修复受损社会关系,促进社会、社区、受害人关心犯罪和罪犯,促进罪犯回归社会作为依归,同时改变在刑事司法过程中受害人边缘化的地位。在监狱刑罚执行阶段,监狱应成为恢复性司法程序的启动主体,在罪犯入监服刑改造初期为罪犯制定个别矫正方案的同时,为适用恢复性司法的罪犯制定恢复性司法方案。将罪犯"认罪悔罪,积极参加劳动改造,获取劳动报酬赔偿被害人,取得被害人的谅解",确认为"确有悔改表现",结合其他减刑、假释条件由监狱向人民法院提出减刑或假释建议。这涉及到对《监狱法》的修改,是对我国刑事奖励制度的补充完善。     

The truth and the trial: victim participation,restorative justice,and the International Criminal Court

In the field of international criminal justice, the international criminal court (ICC) has been lauded for its integration of victim participants into its legal proceedings. In particular, the ICC’s framework of victim participation has been understood to figure as a balance between retributive and restorative justice as it enables the actual voices of the victims to be heard. However, there has been little research that considers how victim participation works in practice as a form of truth-telling. In order to begin to address this gap, the integration of the ‘voices of the victims’ into the proceedings and outcome of The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is explored. The forms of harms and experiences that comprise the truth of the events under adjudication put forward by the victim participants are considered, and then how the truth-telling functions of the ICC represent these states of injury. While the ICC’s legal proceedings enable victims to speak of their harms and experiences, their ‘voices’ are largely absent from its judgment. To address this issue, the ICC needs to develop and maintain a level of ‘restorative justice coherence’ to manage victims’ expectations of its justice approaches.     

Secondary Victimization of Crime Victims by Criminal Proceedings

It is conceivable that criminal proceedings cause psychological harm to the crime victims involved, that is, cause secondary victimization. To investigate this hypothesis, negative and positive effects of criminal proceedings were investigated, as perceived by 137 victims of violent crimes who were involved in trials several years previously. Trial outcome and procedure variables were measured as potential causes of secondary victimization. Results show a high proportion of victims reporting overall negative effects. Powerful predictors were outcome satisfaction and procedural justice, but not subjective punishment severity, interactional justice, and psychological stress by criminal proceedings. The practical implications of the results pertain to whether victims should be advised to report the crime to the police or not, and to appropriate prevention and intervention measures of secondary victimization by criminal proceedings.     

Is restorative justice for sexual crime compatible with various criminal justice systems?

In addition to the more conventional approaches of the criminal justice system, this article suggests that there is a need for restorative justice as another method of addressing sexual crime. In support of this view, the present article explores the possibility of a hybrid justice system based on a complementary relationship between restorative justice and the criminal justice system. An analysis of the limits of the criminal justice system and the need for restorative justice in the contentious area of sexual crime will be followed by a detailed examination of key justice considerations when trying to marry both criminal justice and restorative justice perspectives. Such considerations include: the meaning of justice; legislation; sentencing principles; due process; victims’ rights; and the location of restorative justice within/alongside/outside the criminal justice system. The aim of this article is to determine whether it is possible to reconcile two seemingly juxtaposed methods of justice delivery in the context of sexual crime in order to create a hybrid system of justice that best protects and responds to the rights and needs of victims and offenders.     

Making space for restorative justice in criminal justice and criminology curricula and courses

Restorative justice, rooted in the practices of indigenous people across the globe, has grown exponentially in both theory and practice since its beginnings in Canada in the 1970s. Restorative justice has influenced the interactions between offenders and victims, helped community members address crime and develop self-efficacy, and changed the way some countries rebuild after a history of oppression. Despite these restorative justice influenced changes, many criminology and criminal justice programs pay scant attention to restorative justice in curricula. This paper will examine ways to include restorative justice in criminal justice and criminology curriculum and the challenges involved in the process. The paper will then examine how the Law and Justice Department at Central Washington University has incrementally added restorative justice components to its curriculum, culminating most recently with the addition of a Community and Social Justice course. The paper will conclude with several examples of classroom activities and assignments that have helped connect students with the theory and practice of restorative justice.     

Where Do They Belong? Giving Victims a Place in the Criminal Justice Process

Historically, victims once had an active participatory role in the criminal justice process and were responsible for not only initiating but also for prosecuting offenders. In common law countries, victims were gradually sidelined and by the 20th century, their role was reduced to that of a witness to a crime against the state. The exclusion of victims from the criminal justice process is a major source of dissatisfaction for victims as many of them want to participate in the criminal justice process. This has fuelled initiatives with restorative justice that claim to more fully include victims than conventional criminal justice. This paper examines three different approaches found in the literature on how to let victims participate. One view is that victims should leave the criminal justice system and that criminal justice should be replaced by alternative, restorative justice schemes in which victims are granted full recognition and respect for their dignity. A second approach is to integrate restorative practices such as victim-offender mediation in the criminal justice process. The third approach is to integrate victim participation and respect (so-called restorative values) in the criminal justice system. These three approaches are discussed and compared with one another. The paper closes with recommendations for criminal law reform.     

The repentant defendant and the potential of international criminal justice

ABSTRACT

Repentant defendants are a more common feature of the international criminal trial than commonly thought, and offer interesting opportunities to conceptualize the possibility of restorative justice within what is otherwise a conventionally retributive framework. Repentance may arise at different stages of the trial and is an inherent part of the assessment at the plea bargain and sentencing stages. It must be understood as a particular performance from the accused, one that individualizes guilt and performs the sort of moral agency on which international criminal law is otherwise premised. Its force lies potentially in its power to break down some of the constitutive dichotomies of international criminal justice, including those between perpetrator/victim, international/domestic, and retributive/restorative justice. One needs to account, however, for the potential ambiguity of repentance and the fact that it may be subtly exonerating, as well as the fact that international criminal tribunals have reasons to encourage it that have nothing to do with restorative justice. Only if the sincerity of repentance can be ascertained and if it can be addressed to victims may the restorative potential of international criminal justice be realized.     

关于刑事和解的几点看法

刑事犯罪多发背景下,被害人利益难以通过传统刑事诉讼程序获得有效救济,甚至存在被害人在刑事诉讼过程中二次受害的情形,从而引发一系列不稳定社会因素,与建设和谐社会的要求背道而驰。刑事和解正是在被害人保护思想的发展与犯罪人复归思想的兴起基础上产生的以恢复性司法为基本理念以构建和谐社会为终极目标的新型刑事案件解决制度。     

Psychological effects of criminal proceedings through contact with the judge: the moderating effect of legal system structure

Psychological effects of criminal proceedings on victims have often been the focus of victimological research. The criminal justice system is repeatedly acknowledged as a source of additional harm for victims. Such a generalization, however, cannot be made to all legal systems universally to the same degree. This article compares the adversarial and inquisitorial structures of criminal justice and examines how the latter may in fact be beneficial to victim's well-being. More specifically, contact with the judge and presence at trial may be one positive form of victim participation in its most informal sense. Hierarchical regression analysis is conducted using victims of serious crimes in the Netherlands and New South Wales (NSW), Australia, to test this hypothesis. The type of legal system (i.e., inquisitorial versus adversarial) is used as a moderating variable on the relationship between contact with the judge and psychological effects. The findings indicate that victims in the Netherlands report a significant relationship, where contact with the judge is predictive of a less negative impact on psychological effects, while a non-significant relationship is found for victims in NSW.     

Well-informed? Well Represented? Well Nigh Powerless? Victims and Prosecutorial Decision-making

This article provides a brief overview of the ways in which prosecutors must engage with victims in the course of their work in criminal proceedings and what formal roles victims can assume in criminal proceedings. Besides exploring what rights victims have per se in criminal proceedings, analysis is provided as to what it means to be an additional prosecutor or a private prosecutor in several European criminal justice systems. A brief analysis of the effects these rights and the use of prosecutorial discretion has on victims is provided.     

刑事被害人的知情权探析

被害人的知情权是被害人行使其他诉讼权利的逻辑前提,是诉讼民主的重要体现,亦有助于实现社会正义。国际公约及其他国际性文件和法治发达国家都对公民的知情权及被害人的知情权都作了明确规定,有的国家甚至将其上升到宪法的高度。我国刑事被害人享有一定程度的知情权,但权利告知规则仍不完善,被害人对案件的进展、诉讼结果以及刑罚的执行情况缺乏知悉途径,知情权的实现缺乏保障机制。立法上应对其作相应完善。