故意伤害罪司法现状的刑法学分析

我国故意伤害罪(主要是轻伤害)的司法现状相当异常,尤其是定罪率特别高.从刑法学角度来看,主要有三个原因:一是将正当防卫认定为相互斗殴或者防卫过当,进而认定为故意伤害罪;二是将相互斗殴造成轻伤害的行为均认定为故意伤害罪;三是将仅有暴行故意而没有伤害故意的行为认定为故意伤害罪.司法机关应当正确适用刑法关于正当防卫与防卫过当的规定:在一般性争吵过程中,先动手对他人实施暴力的,属于不法侵害,后动手反击者造成前者轻伤害的,属于正当防卫,而不应当认定为相互斗殴,更不应当认定后动手反击者的行为构成故意伤害罪;防卫行为造成他人轻伤的,不属于“造成重大损害”,不得认定为防卫过当.对于相互斗殴案件,应认定双方承诺了轻伤害;基于被害人承诺的法理,二人间的相互斗殴阻却违法性,其中致人轻伤的行为不成立犯罪.我国刑法没有规定暴行罪,故意伤害罪不是暴行罪的结果加重犯,行为虽然造成他人轻伤,但行为人仅有暴行故意而没有伤害故意的,不成立故意伤害罪.     

结合案例浅论故意伤害罪与故意杀人罪的区别

故意伤害罪与故意杀人罪的区别.一般来说,二罪并不难区分,但当碰到故意杀人未遂造成伤害或故意伤害致人死亡两种情况时,二罪易产生混淆.要把握二罪的主要区别在于行为人是否以非法剥夺他人生命为故意内容.如果行为人无非法剥夺他人生命的故意,而只有伤害他人健康的故意,即使客观上行为导致了他人的死亡,也只能以故意伤害罪致死认定；如果行为人有非法剥夺他人生命的故意,即使其行为没有造成他人死亡的结果,也构成故意杀人罪（未遂）.司法实践中,要认定行为人的故意内容是伤害还是杀人,应遵循主客观相一致的原则,查明案件的全部事实,从行为人与被害人的关系,案件的起因、过程、结果、作案的手段、使用的工具、打击的部位、强度、作案的时间、地点、环境条件、行为人作案前后的表现等方面入手,进行综合分析、判断.本文结合具体案例简要探讨了故意伤害罪与故意杀人罪的区别.     

故意伤害罪的二重的结果加重犯性质探究——以故意伤害罪的比较法为视角

在日本,伤害致死罪是暴行罪的二重的结果加重犯。在我国台湾,将伤害罪区分为普通伤害罪(即轻伤罪)和重伤罪,由于难以界分轻伤故意和重伤故意,致使这种立法例受到批评。在我国,宜将故意伤害(致死)罪理解为故意伤害(轻伤)罪的二重的结果加重犯。出于所谓殴打故意导致伤害、死亡结果的,应以故意伤害(轻伤、重伤、致死)罪定罪处罚。出于所谓重伤故意导致他人轻伤及以下结果的,应适用故意伤害(轻伤)罪的法定刑。     

聚众斗殴致人伤亡应依据行为人的主观犯意转化定罪

【裁判要旨】在聚众斗殴中致人伤亡,对行为人应依法转化定罪,但不能简单以结果论,应当具体分析行为人的主观故意,按照主、客观相一致的原则区别认定故意伤害罪或故意杀人罪。对于聚众斗殴致人死亡的情形,如果行为人主观上仅具有损害他人身体健康故意而没有非法剥夺他人生命故意,客观上致人死亡,符合故意伤害(致人死亡)罪的构成要件,应认定行为人转化构成故意伤害罪而非故意杀人罪。     

故意伤害不存在重伤害未遂

《人民检察》1999年第2期刊载了高明同志的《故意伤害是否存在未遂之我见》一文,该文根据刑法第二十三条关于犯罪未遂的规定,认为作为直接故意犯罪之一的故意伤害罪存在既遂与未遂形态。笔者赞同此观点。但对该文所持的“故意伤害罪存在未遂的情况只有两种,即轻伤害未遂和重伤害未遂”的观点,则有不同看法。在刑法理论上,故意伤害罪是结果犯,故意伤害罪中的致人重伤、致人死亡是法定加重结果。笔者认为,故意伤害罪存在未遂形态在理论上是成立的,但故意伤害罪未遂不能区分出两种情况,因为故意伤害罪未遂中不存在重伤害未遂。理由如…     

故意杀人与故意伤害致死的界限分析

故意杀人罪是指,故意地非法剥夺他人生命的行为;故意伤害罪是指故意地非法损害他人身体健康的行为。从概念上讲,这两个罪名是很好区分的,但司法实践中的情况错综复杂,尤其是在故意伤害致使被害人死亡的情况下,比较难以区分。从客观上分     

略谈伤害犯罪的罪名

伤害犯罪是指故意或过失非法伤害他人身体的行为。这是当前侵犯公民人身权利罪案件中所占数量较多的一类犯罪。它不仅损害他人身体健康,甚至造成重伤或致人死亡;有的还寻衅聚众斗殴,严重妨害社会秩序,破坏安定团结,危害极大。因而,六届全国人大常委会通过的《关于严惩严重危害社会治安的犯罪分子的决定》中,对伤害犯罪还作了加重处罚的规定。我们要使用这一法律武器,狠狠打击这类犯罪,争取社会治安的根本好转。但是,在司法实践中,使用伤害犯罪的罪名较为混乱。除了使用“故意伤害罪”外,还有使用“故意轻伤罪”、“故意重伤罪”、“故意伤害致死罪”、“致人死亡罪”等等;     

对故意伤害未遂的刑事责任认识

故意(根据法学界多数人的意见,犯罪未遂只存在于直接故意犯罪之中。因此,这里所说的故意是指直接故意)伤害罪中有没有未遂?对故意伤害未遂如何适用刑罚?这是司法实践中需要探讨的问题。有人认为:故意伤害是以后果论罪,致人重伤者以重伤罪论处;致人轻伤者以轻伤罪论处;没有致人伤害者,则不以伤害罪论处。因此,故意故害罪中没有未遂,或者说伤害未遂不构成伤害罪,笔者对此有不同看法。大家知道,犯罪未遂存在于一切故意犯罪之中。因为任何故意犯罪是不可能都发生     

故意重伤是否可以构成未遂?

在人民法院处理故意伤害案件中,关于故意重伤是否可以构成未遂的问题,在刑法学界和司法实践中有不同的看法。有的同志认为,故意重伤可以构成未遂。主要理由有二:1.刑法总则第十四条第二款关于“已满十四岁不满十六岁的人,犯杀人、重伤、抢劫、放火、惯窃罪或者其他严重破坏社会秩序罪,应当负刑事责任”的规定中,有“重伤罪”。2.行为人主观上有重伤的故意。即行为人在实施犯罪行为之前,就有重伤他人的故意,并且已经着手实施重伤他人的行为,只是由于行为人意志以外的原因,而没有得逞,只发生了轻伤的结果或者未受到伤害。在这种情况下,可以按故意伤害致人重伤未遂处罚。     

故意伤害罪并非一定要有轻伤后果

故意伤害罪是最常见的犯罪之一。在司法实践中，许多司法工作人员认为故意伤害罪是结果犯，故意伤害行为必须致被害人轻伤或重伤（包括致人死亡），才能构成故意伤害罪，理由是：第一，从刑法规定看，虽然刑法第二百三十四条第一款未对具体的伤害后果作出规定，但第二款对故意伤害致人重伤、残疾、致人死亡等危害结果的刑事处罚作出了明确规定，因此，从逻辑上应当认为，第一款所规定的刑罚就是相对轻伤这种危害结果的。     

Crime Scene Behaviors and Characteristics of Offenders with Mental Illness: A Latent Class Analysis

The current study aimed to identify distinct types of crime scene behaviors based on the criminal planning and motivation of offenders with mental illness in South Korea. Furthermore, our study examined the relationships between the identified types of crime scene behaviors in terms of the offenders’ sociodemographic characteristics, modus operandi, and types of mental illness. Utilizing latent class analysis, the associations between crime scene behavior types and offender characteristics such as demographic factors, crime scene actions, and criminal information were empirically investigated. In particular, based on a sample obtained from a national police database of offenses committed between 2006 and 2014, four offense groups were identified: (i) instrumental–planned, (ii) instrumental–unplanned, (iii) expressive–unplanned, and (iv) hybrid. Additionally, significant relationships were found between offense styles and offender characteristics as well as criminal backgrounds. The findings suggest that mental disorders influence the types of actions exhibited by offenders during the commission of their crime. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical utility to criminal investigation.     

Employing mixed methods to explore motivational patterns of repeat sex offenders

PurposeUnderstanding the motivation of sex offenders plays a key role in societal perception of victim culpability and offender responsibility. This study identified patterns of offender motivation, assessed motivation stability across offenses, and estimated the influence of offense/victim specific factors on motivation in comparison to offender factors.MethodsEmploying mixed-methods sequential explanatory research design, the study utilized confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to identify motivational factors underlying 346 crime events. Second, motivation stability was assessed across offenses committed by 69 offenders. Finally, interview data were reviewed to assess whether offender types emerged corresponding to CFA results.ResultsA motivational typology was identified comprised of five offender groupings built upon two underlying constructs, one driven by sexual gratification and the other linked to anger/aggression. Minimal change in motivation was observed across offenses committed by the same offender against different victims. Offense/victim specific influence (22-23%) and offender related influence (77-78%) were similarly distributed with both sexual and anger-driven motivation.ConclusionsMotivation plays a key role in offending. Offense/victim specific factors have similar proportional influence on crime motivation in comparison to offender factors irrespective of the type of motivation. Contrary to popular public perception, victim blame is not warranted regardless of what motivates offenders.     

Consistency in crime site selection: An investigation of crime sites used by serial sex offenders across crime series

PurposeKnowing sites used by serial sex offenders to commit their crimes is highly beneficial for criminal investigations. However, environmental choices of serial sex offenders remain unclear to this date. Considering the challenges these offenders pose to law enforcement, the study aims to identify sites serial sex offenders use to encounter and release their victims and investigate their stability across crime series.MethodsThe study uses latent class analysis (LCA) to identify victim encounter and release sites used by 72 serial sex offenders having committed 361 sex offenses. Additional LCA are performed to investigate the stability of these offense environments across offenders' crimes series.ResultsDistinct profiles of crime sites that are recurrent across crime series are found, suggesting that serial sex offenders present a limited diversity of victim encounter and victim release sites. Encounter sites representative of longer crime series are also identified. Specifically, the use of sites known to "attract" potential victims decreases over series and offenders become more risk-taking in regard of sites used to encounter their victims.ConclusionsThe study identifies patterns of site- selection for the victim encounter and release in cases of serial crimes. Implications for crime linkage and police investigations strategies are discussed.     

致胎儿死伤的刑法评价

国内关于胎儿性致死伤的讨论,往往忽略中外刑法在是否规定堕胎罪问题上的明显差异性;自愿堕胎可谓一种自伤行为不构成犯罪,计生部门依法强制堕胎因存在违法性阻却事由而不构成犯罪;凡是违背孕妇意愿伤害胎儿(未导致孕妇死亡),致胎儿在母体内死亡的,或者在母体内受到重大伤害但经过治疗而没有留下后遗症的,以及在母体内受到严重伤害留下后遗症以致出生后不久死亡或者形成严重残疾的,都是对母体健康生育机能的侵害,故意为之的构成故意伤害罪,过失为之的构成过失致人重伤罪。     

故意伤害罪新论

由于我国刑法只规定一个伤害故意,因此,当行为人出于轻伤的故意导致他人重伤结果,应当怎样处罚,不仅在刑法理论中没有一个统一的基准,在司法实践中也是见仁见智。实施暴力行为,导致被害人重伤或死亡的,应当属于故意伤害罪的结果加重形态。在故意伤害的情况下,即便有被害者的承诺,由于作为伤害的社会意义并没有变更,因此,不能阻却构成要件的符合性。但是,基于被害者承诺的违法性的阻却,在某种情况下可以成立。阻却违法性的判断,应当根据被害者处分自己身体的安全这一法益,是否具有社会相当性而进行。针对同时伤害的情况,不应认定为共同伤害。     

故意传播艾滋病行为的刑法适用

故意传播艾滋病的行为,不构成我国刑法中的传播性病罪,在当代的医疗水平下,可以认为该行为构成故意杀人罪。在审判时,被害人没有死亡的,只能追究行为人故意杀人未遂的刑事责任。经被害人承诺的故意传播艾滋病行为,也构成故意杀人罪。危及公共安全的故意传播艾滋病行为则会构成以危险方法危害公共安全罪。     

Specialization and versatility in sexual offenders referred for civil commitment

Offense specialization and versatility have been investigated in general offender populations, but have only recently been examined in sexual offenders. This study explored the extent of both tendencies in the criminal histories of 572 adult male sexual offenders referred for civil commitment. The specialization threshold and the diversity index were used to compare offender subgroups by referral status (committed versus observed) and offense type (rape, child molestation, and incest). Offense versatility was the more likely tendency across the sample. Committed and observed offenders did not differ. Although predominantly versatile, child molesters were significantly more likely than rapists to specialize in sexual offenses, and were also more likely to specialize in child molestation (compared to rapists specializing in rape). These results confirm previous findings on criminal versatility among sexual offenders. This adds to a growing body of research that questions universal and selective crime control policies designed exclusively for sexual offenders.     

OFFENDER–VICTIM INTERACTION AND CRIME EVENT OUTCOMES: MODUS OPERANDI AND VICTIM EFFECTS ON THE RISK OF INTRUSIVE SEXUAL OFFENSES AGAINST CHILDREN*

Criminological research has shown the relevance of examining offender–victim interaction and related factors to understand crime event outcomes. In sexual offenses against children, an obvious lack of knowledge exists regarding this issue. From a criminological perspective, we seek to improve our understanding of the offender–victim interaction in sexual offenses against children and, in particular, what factors might increase the risk of a more intrusive offense. We argue that modus operandi strategies play a central role in crime event outcomes and examine this hypothesis with data obtained from a semistructured interview conducted with offenders. As expected, modus operandi was found to have a strong effect on crime event outcomes, especially victim participation during sexual episodes. Victim effects also emerged from the analyses. Specifically, a strong interaction effect between age and gender of the victim was found for victim participation, which suggests that as the victim gets older, offenders are more likely to make their victim participate in sexual episodes when abusing a male victim but are less likely to do so when abusing a female victim.     

我国刑法理论上的牵连犯问题研究

牵连犯应是指犯罪人以实施某一犯罪为目的 ,而其犯罪方法或结果行为触犯其他罪名的犯罪。如何认定牵连犯数个独立的犯罪行为之间的牵连关系 ,存在不同观点 ,其中折衷说较为科学 ,即应从主客观两方面去分析、认定。无刑法规定性和不实行并罚性 ,应是牵连犯的本质特征。对于牵连犯与吸收犯、想象竞合犯、结合犯之间的异同 ,必须在理论上深入研究 ,并在刑事法律上加以完善。