JX-2荧光显现法在血足迹显现中的应用

JX-2荧光显现法是针对各种血手印的一项显现技术，2003年公安部对该成果进行了推广。笔者在使用过程中，根据实际办案需要，对该方法进行改进，将试剂制作成试剂盒，即开即用，还可以长期保存，该方法在显现现场血手印方面已经取得了良好的效果和积累了一定的经验。     

应用红外化学成像技术显现潜在的指印

目的应用红外化学（光谱）成像技术显现潜在指纹。方法采用这种新技术进行显现潜在指印的初步实验。结果显示了其对复杂图案背景上指印突出的显现能力。该成像技术具有物质形态特征检验和物质成分检验双重分析能力，在法庭科学领域具有重要的应用价值。     

溴甲酚绿与溴甲酚蓝显现液显现潜血印痕的比较

目的 探索一种犯罪现场上潜血印痕新型显现技术；方法 利用溴甲酚绿、溴甲酚蓝、四丁基碘化铵与酒精溶液作为新型潜血印痕显现液,研究该技术显现潜血印痕的效果,并与国内外最常用的四甲基联苯胺显现技术进行交叉比较；结果 新型溴甲酚绿和溴甲酚蓝酒精显现液对稀释浓度到为1/1000的潜血印痕的极其敏感,显现出的手印纹线清晰连贯、反差明显,无颜色背景,且能够有效增强四甲基联苯胺处理后潜血印痕；结论 新型潜血印痕显现技术反应灵敏、反差明显,能作为四甲基联苯胺的后处理试剂,若得到推广应用,将能够有效提高犯罪现场上潜血印痕的发现率、提取率和利用率.     

光致发光技术在指纹显现中的应用

本文结合本课题组的研究内容,对光致发光显现和增强潜指纹的研究状况进行了综述,重点阐述了光致发光技术的原理、方法和实际运用情况,并对将来的发展趋势进行了展望。该技术提高了潜指纹的显现灵敏度,其显出的指纹清晰、与背景之间的反差好。     

常用粉末显现法的探讨

粉末显现法，是一种常用的汗潜手印显现方法。由于其操作简便，并在多数承痕客体上都有很好的显现效果。现在虽然各种光源和荧光粉末的使用范围不断加大，但在肩负较大勘查工作量的基层刑事技术工作部门常规的粉末显现法仍占有其重要地位。     

热塑性塑料制品上被挫字迹的显现探讨

目的探讨热塑性塑料制品上被挫字迹的显现方法。方法采用局部加热的方法对热塑性塑料制品上被挫字迹进行显现。结果较好的显现出了凹陷状的字迹形态。结论该方法显现效果可靠，操作简单，显现迅速。     

微量加热成像技术显现热敏纸汗潜手印

利用英国Consolite Forensics公司生产的Hot Print System热敏纸快速手印显现仪(简称HPS)。通过微量加热成像技术,使汗潜手印变黑而显出纹线,新鲜或陈旧手印均有较好的显现效果。该技术具有操作简单、快速安全、无需化学试剂、显现效果明显的特点,可以作为一种显现热敏纸上汗潜手印的常用方法。     

DFO指印显现技术及应用

本文介绍了DFO指印显现技术配方、操作方法和系统应用实验研究结果,发现DFO方法可以有效显现各种纸张上的汗液指印和血指印,对陈旧指印和微弱指印显现效果良好,显现成功率远远高于茚三酮和茚三酮/氯化锌方法,在实际办案中也取得了理想的显现效果。     

纸张上汗潜手印显现新方法

为了克服硝酸银显现法的缺点，笔者对原有的硝酸银显现法进行了改进，用新配方硝酸银显现液显现各种纸张（打印纸、普通纸、报纸、牛皮纸等）上的汗潜手印，采用涂抹法，不需曝光即可显出效果较好的手印，手印纹线清晰、流畅，效果稳定，易于保存，使硝酸银显现法得到了进一步的发展和完善。     

现场潜指纹显现的流程图

指纹是物证之首，而犯罪现场留有的指纹绝大多数为潜指纹，对潜指纹显现方法的研究已有百余年历史，据资料记载，早在１８７７年法国人就发明用硝酸银溶液显现潜指纹。１８８０年德国人发明碘熏法，１９０５年英国人研究出了粉末显现法。经过百余年的努力，已探索出许多行之有效的显现潜指纹的方法。然而，直至当今对潜指纹的显现基本还是采用“单一型、一次性”的显现工作方式进行。所谓“单一型、一次性”的显现工作方法是指在潜指纹显现工作中，凭借工作经验，根据被显客体的物质属性和潜在手印形成的媒介物种类，选择某种显现方法进行一…     

Development of etching paste for serial number restoration on aluminum engine block

Engine numbers, which involve information regarding the engine type, production number, and year and place of manufacture, are used for identification purposes. Comprising of unique alphanumeric characters, the engine numbers are fully or partially obliterated especially in auto theft and smuggling cases to conceal the origin, identity, and owner of vehicles. The limitations of the current restoration techniques such as the difficulty of using chemical liquid etching in vertical sites, the restrictions of magnetic and optical methods, and the applicability of several techniques like electron backscatter diffraction only in the laboratory environment prompt the development of new techniques. In view of these limitations and the importance of restoring engine numbers in criminal investigations, this unique study aimed to develop an etching paste that would restore the effaced characters on a real aluminum alloy engine block. The characters which were cold-stamped on the engine block were milled at varying depths and restoration attempts were conducted using etching pastes formed with different chemicals and materials. The analyses indicate that the etching paste formed with 200 mg of perlite, 400 mg of iron powder, and 450 μL of 20 M NaOH provided restoration to a good extent. The prevention of over-etching through the controlling of the chemical reaction and the cost-effectiveness appears to be the advantages of this technique. The success of recovery on the real engine block, the facilitation of restoration on curved surfaces, and the chance of on-site usage will likely make the etching paste a widely used tool in serial number restoration.     

Fingerprint pattern restoration by digital image processing techniques

Fingerprint evidence plays an important role in solving criminal problems. However, defective (lacking information needed for completeness) or contaminated (undesirable information included) fingerprint patterns make identifying and recognizing processes difficult. Unfortunately. this is the usual case. In the recognizing process (enhancement of patterns, or elimination of "false alarms" so that a fingerprint pattern can be searched in the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)), chemical and physical techniques have been proposed to improve pattern legibility. In the identifying process, a fingerprint examiner can enhance contaminated (but not defective) fingerprint patterns under guidelines provided by the Scientific Working Group on Friction Ridge Analysis, Study and Technology (SWGFAST), the Scientific Working Group on Imaging Technology (SWGIT), and an AFIS working group within the National Institute of Justice. Recently, the image processing techniques have been successfully applied in forensic science. For example, we have applied image enhancement methods to improve the legibility of digital images such as fingerprints and vehicle plate numbers. In this paper, we propose a novel digital image restoration technique based on the AM (amplitude modulation)-FM (frequency modulation) reaction-diffusion method to restore defective or contaminated fingerprint patterns. This method shows its potential application to fingerprint pattern enhancement in the recognizing process (but not for the identifying process). Synthetic and real images are used to show the capability of the proposed method. The results of enhancing fingerprint patterns by the manual process and our method are evaluated and compared.     

A simple magneto-optical method for the restoration of erased markings in metals

There are different techniques for the restoration of erased markings in metals. Non-destructive methods are generally preferable. The only frequently used non-destructive method is the magnetic technique. The different kinds of magnetic restoration methods are discussed in the article. In the experiments described, the applicability of magneto-optical methods for the restoration of obliterated markings was examined. The results show that the methods are suitable and the required equipment does not cause high expenses.     

A review of low template STR analysis in casework using the DNA SenCE post-PCR purification technique

LGC has developed a method for analysing low-level DNA samples called DNA SenCE (Sensitive Capillary Electrophoresis) based on post-PCR treatment of standard 28-cycle SGMplus PCR product and demonstrated to be equally effective at enhancing profiles as 34-cycle PCR. The method has been validated and accredited and used in casework since July 2007. Inherent in the method is the initial generation of a standard 28-cycle SGMplus profile so a direct comparison of standard and DNA SenCE results for all casework is possible. Here we review DNA SenCE casework, reporting the magnitude of peak enhancement and stochastic effects seen in the DNA SenCE profiles.     

伪造车辆车架号码发动机号码识别及检验

本文针对各种机动车的序号的识别及常见伪造方法、检验方法作了详细地论述。在伪造号码识别方面,对VIN码识别法、读码器识别法、痕迹检验识别法作了详细地分析描述;在原车号码复原方面,针对不同的伪造方法、不同的显现基体,应用不同的显现方法、不同的显现试剂检验方法进行了论述,简要阐述了固体显现剂的显现原理及使用方法。     

全基因组扩增法应用于低拷贝数DNA检测

目的建立基于多重置换扩增(MDA)技术的全基因组扩增(WGA)方法,实现对低拷贝数(LCN)DNA样品进行分析。方法采用REPLI-g试剂盒对样本进行等温全基因组扩增,扩增产物采用ProfilerPlus试剂盒确定样本的十个STR基因座的等位基因型。结果10pgDNA模板经全基因组扩增后,能够进行DNA分型。结论全基因组扩增可以用于LCN的DNA分析,帮助提高微量物证的检出成功率。     

A photographic technique for the restoration of damaged radiographs

Occasionally during identification efforts, the forensic science team will encounter radiographs needed for comparisons that are damaged and seemingly useless. The simplified darkroom technique presented will facilitate the recovery of useful information from such compromised radiographs on film.     

低拷贝DNA模板检验方法探讨

目的探讨扩增及检测方法对低拷贝DNA模板分型检测灵敏度的影响。方法Control DNA 9947A按比例稀释,采用IdentifilerTM和DNATyper15TM试剂扩增,循环参数设置为28和28+6个循环,平行扩增3次,分别单独检测及3次合并检测,使用310及3130分析仪检测。结果28+6个循环的基因座检出率高于28个循环;等位基因不平衡及丢失与基因座没有特异性的关联,随着DNA模板量的减少,等位基因不平衡及丢失增多;将3次扩增产物混合后检测,等位基因不平衡及丢失情况减少,分型正确率增高。结论模板DNA分3次扩增后混合检测、循环数为28+6,可提高低拷贝模板基因座的检出率。     

The use of amalgam powder and calcium hydroxide to recreate a radiopaque image of a lost dental restoration

Radiographs of dental restorations are highly reliable when used to identify postmortem dental remains. A problem exists if key dental restorations are missing or defective, which results in the loss of a comparative radiographic image. This article describes a simple method allowing the odontologist to quickly recreate a temporary radiopaque restoration. This article presents a method of using amalgam powder (radiopaque material) and calcium hydroxide (radiopaque material and transport medium for the amalgam powder) to recreate a radiopaque image on a tooth that has lost a dental restoration. Amalgam powder and calcium hydroxide is easily obtained (in any dental office), fairly clean, easy to manipulate, inexpensive, inert, stable, and able to be removed without damaging the dental remains. The amalgam powder/calcium hydroxide mixture can easily be re-shaped or modified to reflect the radiopaque image of the original restoration. Radiographic comparison of the "restored" dental remains to the antemortem radiographs is now possible. The use of this technique is presented in a case report.     

Protesting a perceived injustice: Sex discrimination and the restoration of equity

In this paper we propose a theoretical model that examines the relationship between resources and significant others in people's attempts to restore equity. Viewing the restoration of equity as a complex process, we integrate resource mobilization and equity arguments in order to better understand how people come to dispute and settle fair terms of exchange in allocative relationships. With individual-level data, we examine sex discrimination complaints and show that protest reactions against a perceived injustice are influenced by the level of resources a person controls. We find that the more resources a person controls, the better able she or he is in managing the protest and negotiation for equity. Further, resources also protect complainants from reprisals by the source of the inequity. These findings provide insight into the process by which people attempt to restore equity, and they suggest that the examination of real-life inequitable relations enhances our understanding of reactions to inequity.