受虐儿童及青少年法医学鉴定92例分析

本文对92例不满18周岁家庭暴力受虐儿童和青少年法医学鉴定案例进行回顾性研究。结果表明：虐待行为多发生于下午5时前后，受虐者以女性居多（63．04％），损伤部位以头面部最多见（36．98％）。损伤类型以软组织挫伤最常见（51．13％），损伤具有多部位、广泛性、新旧不一等特点；发生场所以家中及家居周围附近为多，受虐者家庭情感生活环境差等.同时，作者还对虐待行为产生的社会根源、受虐儿童及青少年法医学鉴定及法律保护等问题进行了探讨。     

最有利于未成年人原则内涵的规范性阐释

由于法律固有的滞后性和未成年人权利的广泛性，适用最有利于未成年人原则将成为一种常态。儿童最大利益原则是最有利于未成年人原则的国际法渊源，最有利于未成年人原则是儿童最大利益原则的国内法表达。考察国际法渊源，最有利于未成年人原则继受了权利本位、理解维度、涵涉个体与群体的所有事项、情境化运用、非绝对排他性等五个方面的一般属性。分析国内法规范，最有利于未成年人原则的具体要求可概括为尊重人格尊严、听取意见、特殊优先保护、适应健康成长规律、保护与教育相结合等五个方面。立足于现行法律规范提炼总结出来的以上十个方面，一体化构成最有利于未成年人原则的完整内涵，可为有效发挥这一法律原则保障未成年人权利的功用，提供稳定的知识体系和思维框架。     

儿童及青少年组非意外性暴力死特点分析

对１０３例儿童及青少年非意外性暴力死进行特点分析。儿童组中学龄前儿童（２～６岁）１２例（均为女性），学龄儿童（７～１２岁）２２例，青少年组（１３～１９岁）６９例。儿童组和１６～１９岁青少年为两个年龄高峰。死亡性质：凶杀占４７．６％（儿童和青少年女性占８９．８％），伤害占２９．１％（男性占９６．７％），余为自杀和不明。死亡原因以机械性窒息（３６．９％）和锐器伤（３４．０％）为多。并就伤害案件的意义及尸检问题进行了讨论。     

谁将孩子推向危险境地--关于儿童意外伤害的法律解读

世界卫生组织和联合国儿童基金会发布的《世界预防儿童伤害报告》显示，全球每天有2000多名儿童死于非故意或意外伤害，或留下终生残疾；中国疾病预防控制中心与全球儿童安全组织、强生制药发布的《儿童伤害预防倡导》表明，中国0～14岁儿童中，伤害是第一位的死亡原因，每年有近5万名0～14岁儿童因伤害死亡，每天有近150名儿童因伤害死亡，在家中发生的伤害占44.5%；《北京市伤害调查--北京儿童意外伤害报告》统计，在北京，每天有139名儿童受到伤害。意外伤害已成为北京市儿童死亡和伤残的首要原因，平均每天有1名儿童因意外伤害致残或致死……     

儿童遭受暴力侵害若干问题研究——从法律和政策视角切入

近期,福建南平、广西北海、广东湛江、江苏泰州、山东潍坊等地先后发生暴力伤害中小学生、幼儿园儿童的恶性案件,给师生、家庭带来无尽痛苦,造成恶劣社会影响。这是儿童遭受暴力侵害的一种新的表现形式即以儿童作为犯罪对象的无差别报复社会行为。多年来儿童作为受害者的案例中,非常重要的一类是儿童遭受暴力侵害的案件。本文以法律和政策视角切入,分类对我国儿童遭受暴力侵害的案件特点进行分析,并从法律和政策的角度提出了预防类似案件的对策。     

四儿童误入废烤箱窒息死亡

近年来，绑架儿童勒索钱财的案件时有发生，社会影响大，性质非常恶劣，但必须与意外事件鉴别开来。本篇报道的是一起四儿童误入废烤箱窒息死亡的意外事件。１案情简介２００１年７月１６日某镇四儿童栾（男，８岁）、孙（男，９岁）、白（男，１０岁）、郭（男，９岁）于当日突然失踪。同年８月１８日上午１１时许，该镇某厂工人干活时发现库房里一废弃电烤箱内有四具尸骨。该烤箱座南朝北，门为向外对开门，门锁为扳手式碰锁（图１见第６０页彩图），非常灵敏。烤箱内径为１３０．０cm×６６．５cm×８１．０cm。２现场堪查及调查情况（１…     

让你的孩子远离伤害

每逢暑假．青少年安全事故便会接连发生。有报告显示：暑期与体育和娱乐活动相关的意外运动伤害，如溺水、跌落等，是我国儿童意外伤害的主要原因。每10名因意外伤害而死亡的O至14岁儿童中，     

未成年人刑事案件"快速通道"之建构

为淡化刑事污点,实现儿童利益最大原则,预防和控制犯罪,节约司法资源,应当建立未成年人刑事诉讼的快速通道。该通道应由侦审合一机制、警检联动机制、辩诉交易程序、简易审理机制等构成。而为了避免损害未成年人的利益,还要确立程序选择权和完善律师帮助制度以及相应的保密制度。     

政府限制乞讨与保护儿童权利

乞讨虽是成年公民的自由，但任何人均无义务向乞讨人施舍。承认成年公民乞讨自由与适度限制乞讨，应当是社会管理创新的题中应有之意。政府对流浪乞讨的未成年人实施主动救助、强制救助是对未成年人的特殊、优先保护，应当视为未成年人的自愿接受。政府有权适度限制乞讨行为。其一，应当区分行乞的主体；其二，应当区分行乞的地点；其三，应当区分善意乞讨与恶意乞讨；其四，应当区分谋生性乞讨与经营性乞讨。应当按照“最大利益原则”保护儿童权利。政府是保护儿童权利的第一责任人，我国保护儿童权利的法律法规尚需进一步严密化，保护儿童权利必须打通政府部门之间的“信息孤岛”。     

消除儿童乞讨需针对性综合治理——基于比较法的经验

导致儿童从事乞讨的原因是复杂的。因此，在选择解决儿童乞讨问题的对策之前，应先探究迫使儿童走向街头的具体原因。如果政府想更有效地解决乞讨问题，就必须关注和区分乞讨者的年龄结构。有效的乞讨规制政策（法律）必须对成年和未成年乞讨者加以必要的区分。如果拐卖儿童犯罪的确是导致我国儿童乞讨现象的主因之一的话，那么政府就必须动员足够的执法力量“斩草除根”。同时，应当善于动员各种社会力量，使全社会共同关心、共同解决儿童乞讨问题。在通过“打拐”切断儿童乞丐的滋生土壤之后，政府应当专注于规劝仍然在街头从事乞讨的未成年人，并且通过各种方式帮助他们重新回归社会。儿童福利应当成为政府政策侧重点所在。     

从歧视走向平等——非婚生子女法律地位的变迁

非婚生子女作为社会的弱势群体,对其加强法律保护已成为世界各国婚姻家庭法的一个重要课题。综观世界各国亲子立法的发展史,非婚生子女的法律地位经历了受虐待和歧视的“无亲之子”阶段、被消极肯定的“形式平等”阶段、以至于发展到当今一些国家对子女的完全平等保护———实质平等。我国亲子立法应顺应世界先进亲子法的立法趋势,摒弃“非婚生子女”这一不平等称谓,制定统一的自然血亲子女制度,以子女认领制度作为确定无婚姻的父母与自然血亲子女身份关系的证明方法,保护子女的最大利益。     

The relationship between parents and adult children in the economic culture of rural Netherlands, 1880–1910

This study examines the complexity of contradictory interests in the relationship between parents and adult children among agricultural wage laborers in rural Netherlands about 1900. One important potential issue of conflict was the marriage of children. In the case of wage laborers, Hajnal's independent livelihood theory is not really helpful in explaining regional differences in age at marriage. Marriage is viewed as a problem of balance and competition between the livelihood problems of parents and children. Two main issues of wage laborers are dealt with: the help adult children give to elderly parents and the control of the earnings of unmarried adolescent and adult children by their parents. Regional variations in children's help and parental control are measured and explained using four independent variables: extent of property ownership by wage laborers, extent of their production for the market (and need for unpaid family labor), wage level, and percentage who belonged to traditional religions in the village. Statistical analysis suggests that the property of agricultural wage laborers was most important in explaining variation in parent–child relationships. Wage level and religion also showed considerable explaining power, particularly for wages earned by unmarried children.     

The relationship between parents and adult children in the economic culture of rural Netherlands, 1880–1910

This study examines the complexity of contradictory interests in the relationship between parents and adult children among agricultural wage laborers in rural Netherlands about 1900. One important potential issue of conflict was the marriage of children. In the case of wage laborers, Hajnal's independent livelihood theory is not really helpful in explaining regional differences in age at marriage. Marriage is viewed as a problem of balance and competition between the livelihood problems of parents and children. Two main issues of wage laborers are dealt with: the help adult children give to elderly parents and the control of the earnings of unmarried adolescent and adult children by their parents. Regional variations in children's help and parental control are measured and explained using four independent variables: extent of property ownership by wage laborers, extent of their production for the market (and need for unpaid family labor), wage level, and percentage who belonged to traditional religions in the village. Statistical analysis suggests that the property of agricultural wage laborers was most important in explaining variation in parent–child relationships. Wage level and religion also showed considerable explaining power, particularly for wages earned by unmarried children.     

Forgotten Children of Immigration and Family Law: How The Absence of Legal Aid Affects Children in the United States

The absence of government‐appointed legal counsel in immigration proceedings adversely affects large numbers of children in the United States. Children born in the United States to parents without citizenship status (U.S.‐born children of noncitizen parents or UCNP) are harmed by a parent's detention and removal. Unaccompanied alien children (UAC) who have entered the country without legal status are adversely affected by their own detention and removal. The possibility of obtaining relief from removal is drastically diminished by the lack of legal representation. Currently UAC and immigrant parents are not entitled to court‐appointed attorneys. Any meaningful change in immigration law, such as a federal statutory amendment to provide UAC and immigrant parents with government‐appointed counsel is unlikely due to the present political dissension in Congress regarding this issue. Because UAC and immigrant parents are not entitled to government‐funded legal representation, a pro bono legal service system has developed, but is unable to meet the present need adequately. For immigrant parents, this Note proposes the adoption of a statute to allow the appointment of court liaisons in family court proceedings. The court liaison is a nonattorney who is familiar with the processes of the family court and ensures that immigrant parents are fully informed regarding all pertinent family court proceedings. For UAC, this Note proposes an amendment to the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act to mandate the appointment of a child advocate to all UAC. The child advocate is not a lawyer, but works with the UAC's attorney to provide the child with legal representation and advocacy.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
• UCNP confront the loss of parents to detention and removal. Children are condemned to limbo, torn between absent biological parents and placement in foster care.
• The recent surge in the number of UAC who enter the United States by crossing the border from Mexico has been described as a humanitarian crisis. These children often remain alone without legal protection, vulnerable to detention and removal.
• Ideally, UAC and the immigrant parents would be provided with government‐funded legal representation in immigration proceedings. In the absence of the federal statutory reform necessary to make that a reality, state statutory reform to allow for the provision of court liaison programs for immigrant parents and federal statutory reform to allow the appointment of child advocates for UAC can begin to offer children and families needed legal support and advocacy.

     

行为问题儿童成因及教育路径选择

对儿童纵向发展和现实行为表现的分析表明,早年生活经验尤其是家庭生活环境,是一个不容忽视的诱因.家长的态度直接影响到对行为问题儿童的干预,家长工作是缓解和预防儿童产生行为问题的关键;适当的帮助和干预是改善行为问题儿童的有效途径;建立良好的亲子互动、积极的同伴关系及有效的教师指导等良好的生态环境,是帮助行为问题儿童"回归主流"的有力保障.     

The Effects Of Children'S Age and Delay on Recall in a Cognitive or Structured Interview

The study examined; (i) whether the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) would aid event recall when used with children, (ii) whether the effects of a delay between the witnessed event and interview would have an impact on the effectiveness of the ECI, (iii) whether the age of the child would have a bearing on the effectiveness of the ECI, and (iv) which category(ies) of event recall might be effected. Thirty-two 8 to 9 year old children and thirty-two 11 to 12 year old children were shown a video recording of a staged shoplifting. Half were interviewed four hours after viewing the event and half after a six day delay. Children were interviewed individually using either the ECI or a structured interview (SI). Those interviewed using the ECI recalled significantly more correct details (especially detail pertaining to actions) with no increase in the reporting of erroneous information. The ECI was found to be a reliable interviewing technique regardless of age and delay.     

The Obligations and Expectations of Couples Within Families: Three Modes of Interaction

What kinds of family structures emerge after a couple relationship is formed? How are obligations perceived towards the family of origin and the family of the partner? How are obligations perceived towards the older generation and towards children? How are conflicts of interest approached or resolved? How are the obligations arising from these personal relationships affected by gender, ethnicity, culture and religion? This paper reports some findings from a qualitative study of 39 men and women aged 25–40 which investigates the social context for the legal regulation of couple relationships; whether marriage, cohabitation or civil partnerships.