医疗行为是民事行为——与胡志强同志商榷

贵刊2000年第二期载胡志强同志的《论医疗行为的法律界定》(以下简称《论》),阅后,对《论》的部分内容有不同看法,现以粗浅之见与胡志强同志商榷。一《论》的第一个论点是"医疗行为是医事法律行为",以医患之间为特殊的医事法律关系,非民事法律关系作为主要论据。本人以为,其一,"医事法律行为"、"医事法律关系"都是法律理论中没有,为作者提出的概念,能否成立,赋予什么内涵,尚有待讨论,在论点、论据本身涵义不明,缺乏认知基础的情况下,结论自然不能令人信服;其二,所谓医患     

史际春教授

正史际春,中国人民大学经济法学研究中心主任、教授、博士生导师,《法学家》杂志主编,享受国务院"政府特殊津贴"。1985年起史教授在高校法学院系任教,1991年在中国人民大学法律系获法学博士学位,研究领域为经济法总论、民商法总论、企业和公司法、竞争法、消费者法等。1995年史际春教授获国家教委首届全国高校人文社科研究优秀成果一等奖,1998年担任"中共中央法制讲座"《社会保障与法制建设》课题组组长,2005年担任"中央政治局学习讲座"《行政管理体制改革和完善经济法律制度》主讲人,2005年受聘为国务院法制办公室"反垄断法审查专家顾问委员会"委员。史际春教授的主要代表作是:《经济法的地位问题与传统法律部门划分理论批判》(1992)、《经济法总论》(1998)、《论经济法的理念》(2003)、《"问责制"研究——兼论问责制在中国经济法中的地     

关于审理涉老民事案件情况的调研报告

关爱老人既是中华民族的传统美德,更是人类进步社会科学发展的前提。《宪法》第49条明文规定:"成年子女有赡养扶助父母的义务。……禁止虐待老人、妇女和儿童。"《婚姻法》、《老年人权益保障法》等法律对此也作出了相应规定。如何把法律对老年人的关爱落到实处,江苏法院近几年作了积极的探索。为了解实践中涉老民事纠纷的现状及存在问题,进一步维护老年人合法     

实施老年人权益保障法应注意的几个问题

AFEWPROBLENSSHOULEBEPAIDATTENTIONTOWHILEENFORCINGTHELAWOFTHERIGHTSANDINTERESTSOFTHEOLD《中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法》（以下简称《老年人保障法》）已由八届全国人大常委会第21次会议于1996年8月29日通过，同年10月1日起实施。这不仅是我国老年人权益保障法制建设方面取得的突破性成果．而且也是我国社会主义法律体系逐步走向完善的显著标志。为进一步宣传、贯彻和落实《老年人保障法》的规定，还应注意解决好如下几个问题。一、《老年人保障法》的地位问题明确《老年人保障法》在我国社会…     

评说速览

1"常回家看看"入法"空巢"老人新修订的《老年人权益保障法》拟规定,"家庭成员不得在精神上忽视、孤立老年人",并特别强调"与老年人分开居住的赡养人,要经常看望或者问候老人"。媒体形象地称之为"常回家看看"要入法律。     

《贸易便利化协定》在WTO争端解决中的适用问题论析

《贸易便利化协定》作为"多哈回合"谈判早期收获的成果,其法律地位的确认对于正确认识《贸易便利化协定》有着重要的理论和实践意义。通过分析《贸易便利化协定》在WTO法律体系中的法律地位及其与世界贸易组织相关法律规则的适用关系,笔者认为《贸易便利化协定》属于"多哈回合"法律文件的一部分,而不是"乌拉圭回合"法律文件的升级版。由于《贸易便利化协定》是各国利益妥协的产物,其法律用语包含了大量软性用语并且直接或间接地规定了应当优先适用其他WTO法律规则的规定。这些都为《贸易便利化协定》在未来适用以及解释上提出了挑战。笔者通过逐条分析《贸易便利化协定》的有关条款内容,对于可能存在的法律适用和解释上的难题进行了梳理,希望能为后续的研究打下基础。     

立法保障老年人享受到时代的幸福

法谚云:"法律是最低限度的道德",将"孝"这样的传统美德上升到法律层面,证明了国家对老年人的重视与尊重。陕西省十二届人大常委会第十四次会议对《陕西省实施〈中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法〉办法》(修订草案修改二稿)进行审议,委员们一致认为,新修订的《中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法》给予了老年人希望的曙光。国家从法律层面上更多地开始关注老年人的合法权益。不仅从物质层面上,更是从精神层面上对身为子女的一辈人提出了要求。要更多地关爱照顾老年人,促进家庭的和谐。委员们强调要使老年人不再孤单,我们还可以做更多的努力。我省的《老年人权益保障法》的落到实处还需要相关法律制度来支撑,还需要社会更多地传颂孝道这种传统美德,还需要企业单位更多地人性化考虑与制度设计,还需要回家的路更加顺畅,还需要为老年人设置的公共基础设施更多,还需要……让我们共同努力,保障老年人也能享受到时代发展带来的幸福!     

论动物的法律地位

动物的法律地位是探讨动物保护问题时的基础性问题,目前针对这个问题学术界主要有"完全主体说"、"限制主体说"、"特殊客体说"三种主要观点。本文简要介绍并分析评价了这三种主要的学术观点,对"完全主体论"发出质疑,对"限制主体论"进行反驳,对"特殊客体论"表示赞同,同时阐明了"动物不是法律主体,只能是法律客体"的基本观点。     

民法典时代国际条约地位的立法模式

《民法通则》第142条关于国际条约地位的条款随着《民法典》的实施出现法律空白,《涉外民事法律关系适用法》也未对此作出规定。第142条有关国际条约优先适用、国际惯例也可适用等内容,在现有民事法律中未能完全覆盖。条约必须遵守来自各政治体意思自治与国家是独立于个体的组织体这一法理。国际条约地位条款事关国家立法权限的分配,将其置于宪法性文件中最为合理。在民法典时代,针对民商事领域出现的国际条约地位漏洞现实,存在立法论和解释论两个补充方法。     

法律效力补论

《法学研究》1994年第4期所载《法律效力论》一文,仅为笔者关于法律效力问题若干认识的一部分。现将其余部分整理发表,权称《补论》。 一、法律的赋予效力是法律的第一效力 在《法律效力论》一文中,笔者己从事实认识的角度论证了法律效力的完整内容,认为它不仅应该包括法律的约束效力,而且应该包括法律的赋予效力。如果再从价值认识的角度去分     

Citizenship,Belonging and Attachment in the ‘War on Terror’

The ‘war on terror’ has had an enormous impact on citizens’ legal rights and legal status. Using data from interviews with British Pakistani Kashmiri Muslims, this paper explores how the change to citizens’ legal rights and legal status in the ‘war on terror’, the legal dimension of citizenship, has impacted the psychological dimension of citizenship. Through denoting legal rights, equality and status the study revealed the powerful role of the state and the police in shaping citizens’ perceptions of the legal dimension of citizenship. The paper explores how changes to participants’ perceptions of their legal status and legal rights are instrumental in shaping the psychological dimension of citizenship—participants’ sense of loyalty, belonging and attachment to their British identity and their Islamic identity.     

“平等主体”民法调整对象限制语研究综述

我国《民法通则》第2条规定：“中华人民共和国民法调整平等主体的公民之间、法人之间、公民与法人之间的财产关系和人身关系。”可见对所调整的社会关系加了“平等主体”的限制语。对民法学界关于这一限制语存在的当否问题的证成研究和证伪研究两方面进行疏理,进而启发学人的思考,显得十分必要。     

论文化权利的宪法保护

公民的文化权利与公民所享有的政治、经济和社会权利一样,都是公民作为国家和社会主人翁所必须享有的法律利益。我国是社会主义国家,保护公民权利是社会主义事业一贯的宗旨。从宪法角度来保障公民的文化权利,最主要的是应当加强相关的制度建设。应当在宪法文本中明确文化权利的基本权利宪法地位,明确国家和政府在保障文化权利方面应当承担的职责或义务,加强对文化权利的平等性的保护以及应当制定文化基本法律,来保障文化权利的实现真正做到有法可依。     

Political Liberalism, Marriage and the Family

Can and should political liberals recognize and otherwise support legal marriage as a matter of basic justice? In this article, we offer a general account of how political liberals should evaluate the issue of whether the legal recognition of marriage is a matter of basic justice. And, we develop and examine some public reason arguments that, given the fundamental interests of citizens, could justify various forms of legal marriage in some contexts. In particular, in certain conditions, the recognition of some form of legal marriage may be the best way to protect the fundamental interests of women as citizens in freely chosen associations. Or, it may be that, in certain conditions, to secure the social conditions necessary for gays, lesbians and bisexuals to be free and equal citizens, some form of legal marriage can or should be recognized.     

Justificatory Liberalism and Same‐Sex Marriage

Supporters of Justificatory Liberalism (JL)—such as John Rawls and Gerard Gaus—typically maintain that the state may not coerce its citizens on matters of constitutional essentials unless it can provide public justification that the coerced citizens would be irrational in rejecting. The state, in other words, may not coerce citizens whose rejection of the coercion is based on their reasonable comprehensive doctrines (i.e., worldviews). Proponents of the legal recognition of same‐sex marriage (SSM) usually offer some version of JL as the most fundmental reason why laws that recognize marriage only if it is a union between one man and one woman are unjust. In this article I argue that the application of JL in support of legal recognition of SSM does not succeed because the issue under scrutiny—the nature of marriage—is deeply embedded in, and in most cases integral to, many (if not most) citizens’ reasonable comprehensive doctrines. Thus, I argue that because of the effects and consequences of the legal recognition of SSM, it results (or will result) in a violation of JL against dissenting citizens.     

Elder abuse detection in nursing facilities: using paid clinical competence to address the nation's shame

Each year, five million senior citizens are the victims of abuse in our country-and that figure is a likely underestimate. In California alone, it is estimated that over 225,000 seniors are abused annually. Nursing home residents are particularly vulnerable to abuse, with one-fifth to one-third of these institutions cited for abusive activities that result in actual harm. Regular violations of minimum care regulations by nursing homes have been documented in every state. Despite legal protections, as a practical matter, the review, assessment, and investigation of nursing home care and potential senior abuse is the primary responsibility of voluntary ombudsmen. These volunteers are responsible for regular visits and determination of nursing home quality and resident treatment. This Article contends that, despite their commitment to the cause, voluntary ombudsmen are not a sufficient cure for the scourge of elder abuse. Rather, clinically-trained personnel with legal knowledge must assume the role that lay volunteer ombudsmen are inappropriately expected to play. Use of clinical case managers, who have expertise in assessing clinical factors and can be trained in legal matters, offers significant potential to assist in the detection, and, further, reporting and prosecution of elder abuse. The author concludes that only through use of those with appropriate training and knowledge can the epidemic of elder abuse be effectively addressed.     

Undocumented consciousness: Citizenship and illegality in the lives of US citizen youth

This paper examines the impact of immigration law on US citizens' understanding of legal status categories. Prior research on legal consciousness has uncovered the ways in which undocumented persons make sense of and navigate their legal position in society. Less is known, however, about the paradox of US citizen children who are legally protected by their citizenship yet grow up in the context of their parents' precarious immigration statuses. Drawing on interviews with US citizen youth and undocumented parents, I conceptualize the phenomenon of undocumented consciousness to explain how US citizens make sense of parental legal status vulnerability. By witnessing their parents' blocked opportunities from work, travel, and other aspects of life, youth begin to attach meaning to citizenship and its protections, all the while forming an understanding of what it means, practically, to live in the United States with and without legal status. Findings reveal the mechanisms by which it is possible for functions of immigration law to have adverse impacts on the lives of US citizens themselves.     

Legal Position of Foreigners in the USSR Under the New Civil Legislation

Given the constant expansion of the international ties of the Soviet Union, the need has long since arisen to give legal form to a number of points bearing on the legal status and rights in civil law of foreign citizens, enterprises and organizations, the applicability of foreign civil laws, as well as the execution of legal decisions and orders of foreign courts in civil matters.     

Deterioration or refinement? Impacts of an increasing number of lawyers on the lawyer discipline system in Japan

This paper discusses the impacts of an increasing number of lawyers (bengoshi) on the lawyer discipline system in Japan. Due to a relatively small number of lawyers up until the 1990s, few people, including citizens and lawyers themselves, cared about the misconduct of lawyers. However, there appears to be a recent change in this tendency. The sudden increase in the number of lawyers after the Justice System Reform in 2001 focused citizens’ awareness on quality in the practice of law. Some lawyers claim that the increase in the number of young lawyers has deteriorated the quality of legal services, thereby damaging public trust in lawyers. In this paper, I analyze lawyer discipline cases from 1988 to 2015 that are available to the public. The result shows that while the number of disciplinary cases actually has increased since 2004, it is not young lawyers but primarily experienced senior members who have contributed to the increase. In conclusion, I argue that an increase in lawyer discipline is a positive phenomenon for the Japanese bar in developing detailed ethical standards, thereby providing better legal services.     

试论中国农民获得物质帮助的宪法权利——以农村社会养老保险为例

老年人获得国家物质帮助是公民的一项宪法权利,但我国农村社会养老保险法律制度滞后影响了农民养老权益的实现。我国老年人口近60%分布在农村,所以保障他们的宪法权利事关重大。中共十七大也强调国家应当积极探索建立农村养老保险制度和改善民生。根据现阶段我国农村社会养老保险制度建设的现状,借鉴有关国际公约和发达国家的立法经验,应采取多种完善我国农村社会养老保险法律制度的对策。