论我国犯罪未成年人之刑法保护缺陷

当前,未成年人犯罪现象日益突出,被联合国列为与涉毒、环境污染并列的三大公害之一。然对未成年人犯罪进行惩罚的同时,我们更应该看到他们的特殊性而对之予以特殊保护。尽管我国现行刑法比较注重对犯罪未成年人的特殊保护,但这些保护仍然存在着不完善的地方,本文拟从我国现行刑法对犯罪未成年人的保护现状出发,指出我国现行刑法对犯罪未成年人保护的缺陷,以期立法者及实务者能够有所借鉴,为我国将来之未成年人刑法的出台有所助益。     

未成年人犯罪的刑罚——以犯罪学为视角

未成年人犯罪是一种特殊类型的犯罪,具有不同于成年人犯罪的特点;我国现行立法规定,突出了对未成年人的特殊保护,然而现行刑法只是典型的应对成年人犯罪的法典,由此决定了其在整体的制度设计上而不是个别技术层面存在与未成年人犯罪的特点不相适应的严重缺陷。在对未成年人犯罪的刑罚适用上,必须牢牢把握未成年人犯罪的立法宗旨,坚持少年儿童利益最大化。     

我国未成年人性权利刑法保护缺陷的完善策略构建

目前,我国现行刑法在针对未成年人性权利保护方面仍然存在诸多问题,导致我国未成年人性权利难以得到有效保护。本文在未成年人性权利受到刑法保护的必要性基础上,结合实现情况,提出了加强网络色情犯罪中未成年人性权利刑法保护的建议。     

未成年人犯罪社会矫正问题研究——基于多维视角展开的分析

我国社区矫正的试点工作尚处于起步阶段,与其相关的理论研究还不成熟,而其中有关未成年人犯罪的社区矫正,不论是实践经验还是理论探讨都有待于进一步丰富和深入。未成年人作为一个特殊的弱势群体,如何对其进行有效的保护、教育和指导,是我国法制建设的重要课题。与监禁矫正相比,对未成年人犯罪进行社区矫正,既符合我国刑事司法政策的要求,也符合保障未成年人权益的需要。相对于发达国家较为完善的未成年人犯罪社区矫正体系,我国的未成年人犯罪社区矫正试点工作却是步履蹒跚,最根本的原因还在于法律制度的欠缺。我国未成年人社区矫正制度需要在立法和司法的两个层面上予以相应的完善。     

未成年人刑事司法中量刑的相称原则

相称原则是一项惩治与预防未成年人犯罪的特有原则．它要求“不仅应当与犯罪的情况和严重性相称．而且应当与少年的情况和需要以及社会的需要相称”。我国宪法、刑法、刑事讼诉法、未成年人保护法、预防未成年人犯罪法等法律法规以及司法解释都对保护少年作了规定．基本形成了较为完备的保护未成年犯罪人的法律框架和防治保护体系，体现了相称原则，即实行教育、感化、挽救的方针，坚持以教育为主、惩罚为辅的原则。     

我国未成年人犯罪刑事责任问题研究

未成年人能否健康成长直接关系着国家的命运和前途。未成年人自身的特点决定了在对其追究刑事责任时应有别于成年人。我国目前还没有一部有关未成年人犯罪的专门刑事法律,在现行刑法中也没有专章的规定。另外,我国现行刑法有关未成年人刑事责任的规定也存在许多不足之处。鉴于此,本文通过对未成年人刑事责任及相关刑罚适用问题进行较为全面的研究。     

浅谈检察机关对犯罪未成年人适用保护政策的探讨

青少年犯罪、特别是未成年人犯罪骤升，是当前刑事犯罪的一个显著特点，而如何做好未成年人的保护工作，也是维护未成年人合法权益、实现社会长治久安的～项重要工作。近年来，随着我国民主与法制建设步伐的加快，我国人权保护的立法特别是保护未成年人的立法也有了长足的发展，但是，作为我国刑罚程序法的《刑事诉讼法》，对犯罪未成年人不批捕、不起诉等项保护政策和原则的规定还是比较笼统，     

坚持预防为主 提前干预 努力为未成年人健康成长提供坚强司法保障

近年来,随着经济社会快速发展,我国未成年人犯罪呈现新的复杂形势,在未成年人保护法律制度和保护责任落实以及未成年人检察工作等方面还存在一些问题和薄弱环节。为应对新形势新任务,检察机关应坚持目标导向与问题导向相结合,从宽严相济、精准帮教、双向保护、综合履职等四个方面,落实高质效办好每一个案件的具体要求。从建立罪错未成年人分级干预机制、促推专门学校建设、督促完善控辍保学工作机制、深化法治宣传教育等四个方面完善预防未成年人犯罪工作机制。从推进未成年人犯罪诉源治理的高度,建立完善预防未成年人犯罪工作体系、未成年人检察社会支持体系、未成年人网络保护法治体系和未成年人犯罪预防数字化体系。围绕打造忠诚干净担当的未成年人检察队伍,强化政治引领、提升专业素能、崇尚担当实干、注重廉洁自律,努力为未成年人健康成长提供更加坚强有力的司法保障。     

未成年人权益保护工作应与时俱进

近几年来,未成年人权益屡遭侵犯和未成年人犯罪上升的态势说明,在未成年人保护问题上还存在着保护功能的缺陷和不适应的方面。我国的未成年人权益保护工作如何适应这些新形势发展变化的要求,是摆在我们面前的一个新课题。设立高层次、权威性的专门机构来领导和管理未成年人保护工作我国将保护未成年人合法权益视为全社会的共同责任,《未成年人保护法》第5条明确规定:“国家保障未成年人的人身、财产和其他合法权益不受侵犯。保护未成年人,是国家机关、武装力量、政党、社会团体、企业事业组织、城乡基层群众性自治组织、未成年人的监护人和…     

未成年人涉毒犯罪实证研究

未成年人毒品犯罪是一个世界性的问题.在许多发达国家,未成年人毒品犯罪已成为严重的社会问题之一.我国未成年人毒品违法犯罪现象较为突出.重视和加强对未成年人毒品犯罪的预防研究,是关系到我们国家、民族今后发展的大问题.本文试从瑞安市人民法院已审结未成年人毒品犯罪特征出发,简析未成年人涉毒品犯罪的成因,从而提出如何防范未成年人毒品犯罪对策.     

Data protection in Malaysia and Hong Kong: One step forward,two steps back?

Continuing rapid developments in information communication technology has led to an ever increasing amount of personal information being collected, processed, stored and used, without the individual even knowing about it. For countries which have domestic legislation relating to privacy and data protection, it has afforded the opportunity for a review. For others, it has opened up the opportunity to legislate. The aim of the paper is three-fold. First, the paper aims to deal with data protection regime in Malaysia and in Hong Kong by examining the salient features of the newly enacted Malaysia's Personal Data Protection Act 2010 and the recent recommendations for legislative reform to the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance in Hong Kong. Second, it considers whether the laws are more concerned with legitimising data protection practices of organizations and businesses rather than the protection of individuals' privacy interests. Finally, the paper briefly considers whether the laws adequately address the impact to individuals' data privacy brought about by technological advancements before providing a conclusion.     

香港个人资料隐私保护之经验——兼论我国个人资料保护法之制定

个人信息作为信息的一种,具有与信息相同的特征。个人资料属于现代隐私的外延,指的是可以识别出个人的所有资料。我国香港特别行政区已于1996年12月实施了《个人资料(私隐)条例》。在实施的十年间,法院与香港个人资料私隐专员公署分别做出了一些司法原则和执行决定,很值得我国在制定《个人资料保护法》时加以参考与借鉴。     

日本非行少年的法律保护及启示

在日本,少年非行是指14岁以上20岁未满少年的犯罪行为、14岁未满少年的触法行为以及虞犯等三方面的总称,主要由《少年法》及《儿童福祉法》等法律予以规制。《少年法》以少年的人权保障和健康成长为目的、以保护主义的社会复归为理念,与《儿童福祉法》等共同构成非行少年的法律保护体系。家庭裁判所以少年事件为主要审理对象、以保护处分为主要处罚手段,与社会福祉性质的儿童相谈所共同担负起日本的少年保护事业。官民协动与社会参与制度是对我们的最大的启示,我国要进一步加强少年保护理念的转变,完善我国的少年保护体制,将其建设成为全民参与的社会事业。     

Perceptions of controllers on EU data protection reform: A Finnish perspective

Data protection regulations are undergoing a global reform. The European Commission proposed a reform of the EU data protection framework in 2012. One major driver for the reform has been the research on the consumer perceptions indicating that the consumers are worried about their personal privacy. However, there has been practically no research on perceptions of companies (the controllers of the personal data) and on the data protection reform. This research analyses the awareness and the willingness to act towards compliance regarding the proposed General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Finland in 2013. The GDPR will replace the Finnish Personal Data Act and therefore plays a central role in the Finnish privacy regulation. This research found that the general level of awareness was low: only 43% of the controllers were aware of the forthcoming reform. The willingness to act or to take steps towards the compliance was even lower: 31% of controllers said that they are planning to act towards compliance during this year. These results indicate that the companies are quite unfamiliar with the reform that correlates with other relevant studies in Europe. Personal data are said to be the oil of the digital economy, the hottest commodity of the market today. There are companies that understand this, but the majority seems to ignore this at least what comes to their awareness regarding the reform, even the reform captures many of the best practices regarding processing of personal data.     

Bioinformatics and genetic privacy: The impact of the Personal Data Protection Act 2010

Bioinformatics refers to the practise of creation and management of genetic data using computational and statistical techniques. In Malaysia, data obtained from genomic studies, particularly for the purpose of disease identification produces a tremendous amount of information related to molecular biology. These data are created from DNA samples obtained from diagnostic and research purposes in genomic research institutes in Malaysia. As these data are processed, stored, managed and profiled using computer applications, an issue arises as to whether the principles of personal data privacy would be applicable to these activities. This paper commences with an illustration of the salient features of the Personal Data Protection Act 2010. The second part analyses the impact of the newly passed Personal Data Protection Act 2010 on the collection of DNA sample, the processing of data obtained from it and the profiling of such data. The third part of the paper considers whether the various personal data protection principles are applicable to the act of DNA profiling and the creation of bioinformatics.     

The Council of Europe Data Protection Convention reform: Analysis of the new text and critical comment on its global ambition

The year 2010 set an important milestone in the development of data protection law in Europe: both Europe's basic regulatory texts, the EU Data Protection Directive and the Council's Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (Convention 108), were placed at an amendment process, having served individual data protection for many years and witnessed in the meantime technological developments that threatened to make their provisions obsolete. After briefly presenting Convention 108, the analysis that follows will highlight the Council's data protection system currently in effect as well as developments relating to the Convention's amendment so far with the aim of identifying improvements and shortcomings. While doing this two separate points of view shall be adopted: at first a micro point of view will attempt to identify improvements and shortcomings through an ‘insider’ perspective, that is, judging only the merits and difficulties of the draft text at hand. Afterwards a macroscopic view will be adopted, whereby strategic issues will be discussed pertaining to the important issue of the relationship of the suggested draft with the EU data protection system, as well as, the same draft's potential to constitute the next global information privacy standard.     

大数据时代日本个人信息保护法探究

个人信息本来是极其隐私的事物,在大数据时代却时刻处于"裸奔"状态,时刻面临被侵犯的风险。特别在新冠肺炎疫情防控中,大数据技术发挥了重要作用,个人信息保护再次引起关注。整体而言,日本个人信息保护法以"个人优先"与"公共优先"的宗旨博弈为出发点,以"个人信息"的概念界定为基础,以个人信息权的保护为核心,以个人信息保护机构的独立设置为落脚点,为个人信息的保护奠定了基础。我国应当积极行动起来,尽快颁布《个人信息保护法》,助力大数据时代个人信息保护和数字经济的发展。     

A comparison of proposed legislative data privacy protections in the United States

The use of online consumer tracking methods has raised significant privacy concerns for consumers and policymakers for decades. Advertisers using these methods analyze web-viewing habits to predict consumer preferences and actions. The advertising industry in the United States has promoted self-regulatory principles to respond to these concerns. However, in December 2010, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission reported that these efforts “have been too slow and up to now have failed to provide adequate and meaningful protection.” President Barack Obama's administration has supported broader legislation for comprehensive protection of individuals' private data. The leading model for data privacy protection is the 1980 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data. This article examines two leading legislative privacy proposals in the context of the OECD principles. This examination concludes that, although the proposals do not provide sufficient comprehensive privacy protections, they do fill significant gaps in current U.S. privacy laws.     

Are data protection laws sufficient for privacy intrusions? The case in Hong Kong

An area of concern which relates to privacy intrusions in Hong Kong is the substantial changes that have taken place in recent years in relation to news gathering and reporting and the activities of local paparazzi. The issue that needs to be addressed is how intrusions of privacy can be protected in Hong Kong. The most significant reform to date has been the enactment of the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance which provides rules for the fair handling of information about living individuals. However, the Ordinance is concerned only with data protection and does not provide a general privacy right. This article demonstrates the inadequacies of existing legislation for general privacy protection and examines the possibility of developing a separate action for general privacy via a) an action of extended breach of confidence as demonstrated by the UK model and b) a sui generis cause of action as can be seen in the New Zealand courts.     

UK: Trustees' obligations under the Data Protection Act 1998

The Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) regulates the processingof personal data by data controllers. Trustees will be controllersof the personal data relating to their trust. Personal data relates to living individuals who can be identifiedfrom that data, on its own or in conjunction with other informationin (or likely to come into) the trustees’ possession. Although this covers almost any data containing an individual'sname, the Information Commissioner (IC), the UK regulatory authorityfor data protection, gives a narrower interpretation in itsguidance, which concentrates on