从UCITA论我国电子合同法律规制之建立

电子形式是一种商业交易载体 ,而区别于以电子形式签订的需要物流配送的合同的电子交易本身。电子交易本身与传统的实物和知识产权交易相较有不同的特征 ,我国电子商务立法应借鉴UCITA的经验 ,对电子合同的适用范围、电子代理、电子自助、电子错误、电子鉴证、一般零售授权、电脑程序的修改、系统使用合同以及电子合同的管辖权等问题 ,作出明确的规定 ,以完善我国的合同法     

电子仲裁协议的实质有效性探析

电子仲裁协议是通过数字技术手段以数据电文形式签订,与传统仲裁协议的实质要件存在一定的矛盾和脱节。要确认电子仲裁协议的实质有效性,须解决以下问题:协调网络身份虚拟化、交易主体低龄化与当事人行为能力要求的冲突;认定电子代理人所作仲裁意思表示的有效性及发生电子错误情况下所作仲裁意思表示的真实性和有关的责任归属;明确电子格式合同中仲裁条款的公平性要求。     

电子合同与原件要求：立法、比较及借鉴

原件是与复制件相对应的概念，交易稳定、权属登记和证据法对合同的原件往往提出法律要求。凡法律要求电子合同应当以原件形式提供或保留的或规定了缺少原件的后果的，在下列情况下即满足了该项要求：该电子通信所含信息的完整性自其初次以最终形式，电子通信或其他形式，生成之时起即有可靠保障；而且要求提供电子通信所舍信息的，该信息能够被显示给要求提供该信息的人。我国立法需要在立法体系上做好立法协调和在内容上借鉴《国际合同使用电子通信公约》予以完善。     

《国际合同使用电子通信公约》介评

《国际合同使用电子通信公约》的制定主要是为了协调各国电子商务立法,消除国际公约中阻碍电子商务发展的障碍,以为国际合同使用电子通信创造一套法律框架。公约以《电子商务示范法》为基础,但又对示范法的相关规定作了优化,同时根据实践的需要也设计了一些新的条文。公约主要就电子缔约、授权条款(电子通信对相关形式要求的适应)、发出和收到电子通信的时间和地点以及电子通信中的错误等问题作了规定。     

电子约中的输入错误研究

电子订约错误属于合同错误的范畴,但其错误情形已不限于传统合同错误,出现了电子输入错误等电子通信中的特殊合同错误。电子订约的特殊性决定了电子订约中输入错误之法律救济的特殊性。既有立法已突破了传统合同法理论,我国合同法应当借鉴相关立法进行相应的立法完善。     

联合国电子订约的立法思路

作为电子商务立法的第三个阶段,联合国从2001年起开始了电子订约的立法工作。本文在介绍联合国关于电子订约立法背景的基础上,全面阐述了联合国电子订约立法的基本思路,详细讨论了电子订约的概念、适用范围、相关定义、当事人所在地等综合性问题和合同订立中要约与邀请要约、接受要约、发出和收到合同、自动交易、形式要求等具体问题。     

电子合同订立中的若干法律问题浅析

电子合同的订立,是在计算机网络中进行的,当事人通过数据输入进行要约、承诺,以网络传输进行送达。合同的订立过程是数据电文交换,用计算机之间的"对话"来完成订约过程。这种以互联网为平台,以信息交换为手段的交易方式的兴起和繁荣,对传统交易方式带来了冲击。作为信息时代产物和电子商务活动的重要工具的电子合同,其迅速发展和广泛应用提高了商业交易的效率,但由于相关立法的相对滞后,由此也产生了大量的法律问题。     

大数据时代第三方医药平台的涉法革新

充分应用云计算技术的第三方医药平台逐步成为在线交易的主要场所与信息集散地,医药生产企业、经销商、各类医疗机构和其他用户通过站点交易工具完成询价、洽谈、签约、支付、配送与售后服务等。亟待通过立法完善电子身份认证与审查制度、构筑电子居间监管系统、明确医药电子错误及建立医药电子合同管控机制等,进一步促进平台内医药信息共享与交易公平。     

网络时代电子要约和承诺的特殊法律问题研究

如果电子意思表示发出后能够即时被相对人受领并能即时被回应,则为对话式意思表示；否则,便是非对话式意思表示.在判断网上商品信息是电子要约还是电子要约邀请时,可以参酌法律规定、当事人的意思以及客观外在的情形来判断.应区分收件人是否指定接收数据电文的特定系统而定数据电文的到达时间.对于电子要约的撤回和撤销问题、电子承诺的撤回问题,不存在法律适用上的障碍,关键在于客观上能不能满足撤回和撤销的要件.     

UNCITRAL电子订约公约大会评述

电子商务的兴起 ,引发了大量的法律问题 ,尤其是在国际贸易领域。联合国贸法会电子商务工作组起草电子订约公约的目的就是消除国际贸易领域中发生的当事人使用电子方式订立合同的法律障碍。为了不干扰各主权国家的国内立法 ,拟订中的电子订约公约的适用范围明确限定在国际合同。拟订中的公约坚持了传统国际商事法律中的当事人意思自治原则 ,在当事人营业地的确定上采取了主观的“指明”标准 ,在要约和承诺的生效时间上采取了到达主义原则 ,并规定了电子错误法律制度。     

电子数据鉴定体系建设构想

电子数据鉴定工作在我国起步较晚,电子证据作为一种新型证据,由于其特有的属性,决定了证据的获取、检验、分析及展示均不同于传统证据,需要建立严密、科学规范的电子数据鉴定体系,保证电子证据的完整性、真实性及证明力。     

The application of an automated allele concordance analysis system (CompareCalls) to ensure the accuracy of single-source STR DNA profiles

A powerful method for validating a scientific result is to confirm specific results utilizing independent methodologies and processing pathways. Thus, we have designed, developed and validated an automated allele concordance analysis system (CompareCalls, patent pending) that performs comparisons between two independent DNA analysis platforms to ensure the highest accuracy for allele calls. Application of this system in a quality assurance role has shown the potential to eliminate greater than 90% of the STR analysis required of a DNA data analyst. While this system is broadly applicable for use with any two independent STR analysis programs, either prior to or following human data review, we are presenting its application to data generated with the ABI Prism Genotyper software system versus data generated with the SurelockID system. With the automated allele concordance analysis system, the GeneScan DNA fragment data generated from an ABI 377 gel image are analyzed in two independent pathways. In one analysis pathway, the GeneScan data are imported into Genotyper software where STR labels are assigned to the fragment data based upon the criteria of the Kazam 20% macro. The "Kazam" macro provided with the Genotyper program works by labeling all peaks in a category (or locus) and then filtering (or removing) the labels from peaks, such as those in stutter positions, that meet predefined criteria. In the second pathway, the GeneScan data are imported into the SurelockID analysis platform where STR labels and error messages are assigned to the fragment data based upon hard-coded allele calling criteria and quality parameters. The resulting STR allele calls for each analysis platform are then compared, utilizing the automated allele concordance analysis system. Any differences in the STR allele calls between the two systems are flagged in a discordance report for further review by a qualified DNA data analyst. The automated allele concordance analysis system guides the DNA data analyst to the discordant data generated by either analysis platform. Additionally, the analyst is also directed to data that are of less than pristine quality which may have an increased potential for errors in interpretation by either analysis platform or by a human DNA data analyst. Implementation of an automated allele concordance analysis system will yield high-quality data for CODIS and free the human DNA data analyst to perform other critical duties within the laboratory.     

Current good manufacturing practice in manufacturing, processing, packing, or holding of drugs; revision of certain labeling controls. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending the packaging and labeling control provisions of the current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) regulations for human and veterinary drug products by limiting the application of special control procedures for the use of cut labeling to immediate container labels, individual unit cartons, or multiunit cartons containing immediate containers that are not packaged in individual unit cartons. FDA is also permitting the use of any automated technique, including differentiation by labeling size and shape, that physically prevents incorrect labeling from being processed by labeling and packaging equipment when cut labeling is used. This action is intended to protect consumers from labeling errors more likely to cause adverse health consequences, while eliminating the regulatory burden of applying the rule to labeling unlikely to reach or adversely affect consumers. This action is also intended to permit manufacturers to use a broader range of error prevention and labeling control techniques than permitted by current CGMPs.     

论电子商务合同订立的法律调整

由于电子商务合同的签订程序、时间与地点、书面形式等问题 ,与传统的合同制度有诸多不同 ,在法理上和司法实践中 ,如何应对 ,都是当前急需研究解决的法律课题。     

电子数据搜查、扣押的法律规制

我国2012年修正的《刑事诉讼法》将电子数据增列为证据的法定种类,这要求我国刑事诉讼法学界对电子数据的相关问题,如电子证据的搜查与扣押,出示与质证,审查判断等问题进行深入研究。与传统证据相比,电子数据具有以下四大特征:存储内容的海量性、形态的易变性、变动的可察觉性以及内容的难以直接感知性。电子数据的以上特征对电子数据的搜查、扣押提出了更加严格的要求:首先,在搜查、扣押之前,侦查机关必须申请司法机关签发令状;在搜查、扣押过程中,无论是对电子设备的搜查、扣押还是此后对电子设备中存储的电子数据的进一步搜查,都必须受到令状原则有关合理根据和特定性要求的约束。其次,侦查机关搜查、扣押电子数据之后,必须允许辩护方对被搜查、扣押的电子数据进行查看、审查和复制,从而防止侦查机关滥用权力,保护辩护方的合法权利。另外,为保障电子数据的客观性和原始性,还必须建立严密的证据保管链制度。我国在以上方面都存在严重问题,在有些方面甚至完全空白,立法机关在未来修正《刑事诉讼法》时必须进行完善与重构。     

A parameter study regarding the IBIS correlator

The electronic system IBIS has been used by numerous agencies worldwide as the standard tool to compare firearm markings on bullets and fired cartridges. There is a general interest among users concerning the likelihood with which the IBIS correlator may locate hits in its databases. Test results of the performance under different test conditions have been published in various papers. Experience has also been gained with the IBIS system from years of practical usage. All of these findings are difficult to compare with each other. No systematic presentation exists that actually shows the parameters upon which the success rate of the IBIS correlator depends. There has also been no mention of what values these parameters take on during each test. This paper first generally defines the success and error rates of the IBIS correlator. The parameters used will be discussed. Results of previously published tests will be re-examined based on this methodology. An illustrative form of presentation for the success rate of an electronic comparison system will also be suggested. It will be shown that the success rate of the IBIS correlator highly depends on the quality of the firearms-generated markings. It increases with the number of considered mark types, the number of available signatures per firearm, and the number of items inspected in the hit list. The success rate decreases with the database size. The paper will conclude with a series of practical recommendations for the setting up and successful operation of an electronic collection of ballistic evidence.     

E-confidence: Offer and acceptance in online contracting

Online contracting, as a focal point of electronic commercial transactions, has been developing since the 1990s. Recent international legislation, namely the 2005 United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts (the UN Convention) is a significant legal achievement. However, the validity and effectiveness of electronic offer and acceptance is still an issue for debate. This paper aims to seek answers to how law makers may meet the challenge of regulating electronic contracting, and what future improvements that the UN Convention may need to make to boost confidence of contracting online. The paper will introduce the concept and formation of electronic contracts; analyse the current legislative environment of electronic contacting in the international organisations, EU, US and China; discuss the obstacles that electronic contracting has faced; and propose a solution to remove its legal uncertainty.     

法治视野下的网络反腐

网络反腐法治化建设的宪政意义在于它是电子民主时代公民参政权的重要展现。参政权作为宪法及法律规定的现代社会公民享有的基本权利,在于确认和保障公民参与国家管理及社会事务的管理,监督和抑制权力滥用及其腐败。电子民主时代,网络参政拓宽了公民民主参与的渠道,公民参政权的实现变得切实可行。网络反腐法治化有利于公民参政权的落实,进而有力地推进民主监督制度的发展。网络反腐法治化的基本理念包括公众参与、规范统一、网民保护、信息公开,而建立健全网络反腐的法律制度,保护并激励网络举报人是其法治化的路径选择。     

互联网电子身份管理模式及法律保障

在分析电子身份管理制度构建需应对挑战的基础上,剖析我国网络实名制的发展瓶颈,构建基于我国国情的互联网电子身份管理模式,探讨该模式可能引起的运作机制、信息安全保障、个人隐私权保护和法源依据等问题,并提出相应的法律保障建议。