论智能合约的私法构造

智能合约是一种通过区块链才能实现的新技术,在技术上是一种可编程的代码程序,在法律上是一种特殊的身份合同。其藉由特定当事人之间形成的共识机制,实现了对当事人身份的识别,促成了智能合约难以逆转的自动执行,并在事实上排除了当事人的合同撤销权,成为跨越合同订立、合同履行两个领域的新型交易机制。智能合约对传统合同法理论带来了巨大冲击和挑战,却不足以支撑"技术自治"或"代码即法律"等学术主张,也不足以否定实定法对智能合约的正当干预。在现行合同法框架下,仍然存在对智能合约及交易作出妥当解释的空间。除此以外,在智能合约的私法构造中,应当引入团体法思想,认可社团主义的自治机能,构建以"信赖保护"为核心的救济机制,实现法律与技术的同步发展。     

论破产中尚未履行完毕的合同

尚未履行完毕的合同在破产中的处置,有不可自由选择和可自由选择两种。不可自由选择的合同的范围,主要是出于维护交易安全和保护合同当事人的预期而划定,如委托合同、附所有权保留的买卖合同、房屋租赁合同和知识产权许可使用合同等。对可自由选择的合同,完善的破产立法一方面应规定选择权,明确其性质,另一方面也应区别不同情形对其做适当的限制,在追求破产财产最大化的同时兼顾合同债权人利益的保护。在上述各个方面,我国《破产法》均有改进的余地。     

Relational Contracts, Repeated Interaction and Contract Modification

The paper uses the theory of repeated games to model relational contracts. It demonstrates that there are cases where it is better to leave a long term contract more incomplete than it needs to be in order to secure optimal renegotiation at every point. In this particular class of contract problems, it may be optimal to allow contract modification even in cases where the buyer could have put the modified terms into the original contract.     

Origin Myths,Contracts, and the Hunt for Pari Passu

We use interviews with corporate lawyers and a data set of contracts to explore an elite area of legal practice: sovereign bond lending. Sovereign debt lawyers work at prestigious global law firms, yet the contracts they produce include some terms that defy explanation. Lawyers often account for the existence of these terms through origin myths. Focusing on one contract term, the pari passu clause, we explore two puzzling aspects of these myths. First, we demonstrate that the myths are inaccurate as to both the clause's origin and the role of lawyers in contract drafting. Second, the myths often are unflattering, inaccurately portraying lawyers as engaged in little more than rote copying. We probe this disjuncture between the myths and lawyers' actual practices and explore why contracts origin myths might hold such appeal for this elite segment of the bar.     

保理合同中应收账款多重转让的优先顺序——以《民法典》第768条为中心

《民法典》保理合同章规定了保理合同、担保合意和应收账款债权转让三部分的内容。无追索权的保理本质上是债权买卖合同结合应收账款债权转让,买卖合同是债权转让的原因行为。有追索权的保理本质上是借款合同结合担保合意和债权让与担保。担保合意构成债权让与担保的原因行为,并决定债权让与担保中的清算义务。《民法典》第768条规定了同一应收账款订立多个保理合同的数个保理人之间的优先顺序,确立了登记优先、通知次优的规则。在未登记也未通知时,引入了按比例分割债权的规则。尽管我国学说对于债权分割规则批评较多,但是这一规则的价值基础在于债权人平等原则。在债务给付可分的情况下,多数债权受让人之间形成按份债权关系;在债务给付不可分的情况下,多数债权受让人之间形成债权准共有。     

Incomplete Contracts with Asymmetric Information: Exclusive Versus Optional Remedies

Scholars have been debating for years the comparative advantageof damages and specific performance. Yet, most work has compareda single remedy contract to another single remedy contract.But contract law provides the non-breaching party with a varietyof optional remedies to choose from in case of a breach, andparties themselves regularly write contracts which provide suchoptions. In this article, we start filling this gap by studyingmulti-remedy contracts. Specifically, we compare a contractthat grants the non-breaching party an option to choose betweenliquidated damages and specific performance with an exclusiveremedy contract, which restricts the non-breaching party’sremedy to liquidated damages only.     

Verifiability, Incomplete Contracts and Dispute Resolution

Recent literature on incomplete contracts attributes noncontractibility of certain contingencies to their unverifiability. This paper questions the underlying assumption of this theory and argues that the court (or arbitrator) need not observe relevant contingencies with the same degree of accuracy as the contracting parties in order to enforce a contingent contract. In a simple procurement model, it is shown that as long as the ruling of the court (arbitrator) is not arbitrary, the first-best outcome can be implemented under certain ideal conditions by a contingent contract even if contingencies are costly to verify and verification is imperfect.     

再论中国古代契约与国家法的关系——以唐代田宅、奴婢卖买契约为中心

由唐代有关卖买契约的令文及有关律文规定,可见当时卖买契约与国家法律的基本关系。唐代卖买契约,基本是依照法律令进行的程序和活动,是在法律指导下形成的秩序。在此方面,古代契约活动的依据,主要为国家法,而非所谓民间法。     

论传统买卖之债的担保制度

买卖契约是中国古代最重要的民事契约之一.为了保障交易安全,保证买卖之债的实现,官府法令与民间习惯均要求买卖双方尤其是卖方,必须在契约订立时明确各类担保条款.古文献资料记载和出土文物显示,出现在我国古代买卖契约中常见的担保方式为瑕疵担保、追夺担保、恩赦担保和信用担保.传统买卖之债的担保制度,在今天除恩赦担保完全失去价值外,其余则对现代市场经济进一步培育诚信公平理念,不无借鉴意义.     

电子商务合同中的若干法律问题

与传统的合同制度比较 ,电子商务合同有不同的特点 ,尤其是在合同的形式、成立及效力等方面。     

Contracts, Necessity and Ex Ante Optimality

In this paper I return to the issue of incentives to justify a narrowing of the applicability of a fair price rule to contracts of necessity. It is argued that such contracts should be viewed as part of a set of ex ante choices, one of which will minimize the costs of dealing with the risks associated with a period of temporary necessity. The Pareto optimality of a contract of necessity depends on whether the contract price would be seen by a potential victim of necessity as optimal ex ante, relative to her other choices with which to deal with the risk. It is shown that in the special case of a discrete choice set a fair price rule of law may not lead to efficient behavior on the part of both agents.     

Ulysses Contracts in Medicine

Ulysses contracts are a method by which one person binds himself by agreeing to be bound by others. In medicine such contracts have primarily been discussed as ways of treating people with episodic mental illnesses, where the features of the illness are such that they now judge that they will refuse treatment at the time it is needed. Enforcing Ulysses contracts in these circumstances would require medical professionals to override the express refusal of the patient at the time treatment is required, something that is generally problematic both ethically and legally. In this paper I will argue that despite appearances Ulysses contracts can make it the case that treating a patient in such circumstances is an instance of treating him with his consent, although safeguards are needed to ensure that this is the case. Given the potential benefits to patients I further argue that modified Ulysses contracts should be made legally enforceable.     

政府采购合同的行政法研究

政府采购合同是政府采购活动的重要组成部分，其本质是通过合同实现政府意志和社会公共利益。我国《政府采购法》将政府采购合同定位为民事合同，然而微观分析这一定位，其本质属性明显有别于民事合同，政府采购合同应属行政合同。     

契约中的主观主义与客观主义研究

契约中的客观主义与主观主义始终贯彻契约法的发展史,在不同的历史阶段,两者的地位并不相同,它们更多的从属于政治、经济等要求。两者不是相互排斥而是相互融合的关系。主要的民法典文本或契约法文本没有任何一个完全贯彻客观主义或主观主义。我国未来民法典也没有必要在两极之中选择一个,而是应当将两者结合起来。     

论医学院校科研合同的法律风险防范

加强医学院校科研合同的法律风险防范对于促进科研工作的良性发展和推动依法治校具有积极作用。这类合同有其独特的特点,本文对这类合同常见的几个法律风险予以分析并提出了相应的建议。     

对我国合同责任归责原则的再认识

合同责任性质和内涵界定是合同责任归责的基础,合同归责服务于其功能的实现。过错在我国合同责任的支柱性意义,免责事由的严格性规制,使得我国合同法仍有坚持以过错推定责任为主要归责原则的必要性。     

格式条款标准化的垄断协议认定

传统的逆向选择模型将低质量格式条款的生成归因于需求端的认知缺陷;共谋模型将低质量维持原因解释为供给端的共谋,为反垄断法介入提供依据。格式条款标准化的横向垄断协议认定应满足《反垄断法》第13条规定的形式要件与效果要件,采用一般举证规则作为分析模式,由原告证明其"协议、决定或协同行为"形式及反竞争效果。形式要件以"形式与反竞争效果的尽可能耦合"为逻辑起点,应基于市场力的持久性与显著性标准加以重构。反竞争效果要件以对竞争的实质限制为标准,参照美国法实践,可通过质量或交易自由限制路径证成。     

论我国《合同法》中买卖合同的价格问题

价格在一般的买卖合同中,都以清晰的方法表示,但随着商品贸易的发展,世界上大多数国家都承认价格不再是订立买卖合同的要件,允许买卖合同中标的物的价格待定。我国《合同法》也明确买卖合同中标的物的价格在一定时间内可以不予确定,但该法对买卖合同中价格问题的规定存在一定问题,有必要加以改进。我国合同法在规定价格问题时,可以调整总则与分则的内容,明确合同有效成立的内容要件。同时丰富确定价格的方法。     

Protection against Unfair Contracts: An Economic Analysis of European Regulation

After considering the possible outcomes that may result from the interaction between potential contract parties, this paper discusses potential causes of inefficiency and investigates how the law affects conditions that would give rise to inefficiency. The analysis is focussed on the European regulation of standard form contracts. This regulation implies that unfair terms in standard form contracts are unenforceable in Member States of the European Community, and can be interpreted as a measure to curtail the adverse selection problem that originates in the fact that contract parties may use standard form contracts. This paper investigates the welfare implication of this protection against unfair contracts.     

Towards a European Law of Contracts

Abstract: European contract law has recently been the subject of increasing attention and intense debate. In addressing this issue, the following contribution departs from traditional analyses of the necessity, feasibility, and opportunity to harmonise national legislation on contractual relations. Instead, the author seeks to demonstrate that, with the objective of promoting the internal market and developing trade within it, EC authorities have long since given birth to a genuine European contract law. Beginning with the analysis of a body of EC directives, this article argues that the genuine nature of this law can be ascertained despite its limits or rather by taking these limits into account. The important rights granted to different contracting parties (consumer‐purchaser, consumer‐tourist, and certain professionals) stand in contrast to the formal incoherence and fragmented character of the legal texts. The article concludes that, in analysing the notion of European contact law, it is necessary to adapt a functional approach rather than a formal one, because the functional approach has dominated European integration and the European law of contracts since its inception.