全民保护野生动物,中国一直在路上

拒绝舌尖上的"野味",革除滥食野生动物陋习,刻不容缓。从"谁执法谁普法"相关执法部门开展普法活动,到教育机构教育未成年人从小养成"热爱自然,善待动物"意识,再到各界人士身体力行,依法保护野生动物需要全社会的共同参与……中国一直在路上。今年2月24日,十三届全国人大常委会第十六次会议审议通过了《关于全面禁止非法野生动物交易、革除滥食野生动物陋习、切实保障人民群众生命健康安全的决定》(以下简称《决定》),为全国野生动物利用产业按下了"暂停键"。     

全国人大常委会法工委:全面禁止非法野生动物交易革除滥食野生动物陋习

2月24日,十三届全国人大常委会第十六次会议举行闭幕会。会议表决通过《全国人大常委会关于全面禁止非法野生动物交易、革除滥食野生动物陋习、切实保障人民群众生命健康安全的决定》。《决定》自公布之日起施行。     

禁食野生动物的刑法规制与教义阐释——以《刑法修正案(十一)》第四十一条为中心

《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(十一)》增设了针对陆生野生动物以食用为目的的危害行为的法律规制,在原有罪名基础上进一步拓展了野生动物刑法保护的外延。这一立法条款修订与疫情防控的社会背景相关,体现了积极主义刑法观回应社会现实的功能。此次刑法修正案对野生动物的立法完善不仅是尊重动物伦理生命权的体现,而且深层次地涉及公共卫生安全的法益考量,是弱人类中心主义在刑事立法领域的生动展现。野生动物的刑事法律规制并未采用全面保护的立场,这一保护的有限性是刑法作为保障法的地位所决定的,这也决定了在野生动物保护的法律规则体系中,需要审慎辨析刑法与行政法律规范之间的关系。在具体适用时应当结合此次修正案的条文设置进行教义分析,合理把握具体要件的内涵与彼此之间的逻辑关系,防范以保护之名而随意逾越刑法边界。     

“禁野令”,以法制变革筑起抗疫防线

此次人大"禁野令"以果决之势,将禁食范围扩展至包括人工繁育、饲养在内的全部陆生野生动物,彻底堵上以往的制度漏洞,足见其治本的力度和决心。这一历史性的突破,对于从源头控制重大公共卫生风险,意义深远。     

野生动物致害“补偿”性质初探

本文针对野生动物致害"补偿"实践中产生诸如补偿主体模糊不清、补偿经费不足、补偿费用标准不明确且随意性过大等弊端问题,紧紧围绕野生动物致害"补偿"性质进行深入分析,通过对该性质认定的几种典型观点进行辨析,认为对野生动物致害"补偿"的性质认定应该从两个方面进行考虑:对于野生动物致使农作物为主要损害的财产损害"补偿"性质应该定位为生态补偿;而对于野生动物致使人身伤害死亡的人身损害的"补偿"性质应该定位为民事赔偿。     

那些人那些事儿……

自新冠疫情暴发以来,野生动物的非法交易与滥食再次成为公众关注的焦点。2020年2月24日,十三届全国人大常委会第十六次会议审议通过《关于全面禁止非法野生动物交易、革除滥食野生动物陋习、切实保障人民群众生命健康安全的决定》,引来掌声一片。而当疫情过后,生活恢复正常,人们应该真正思考的是:寻求人与自然的和谐发展之道,才是生态文明时代的永恒课题。     

浅析野生动物园中野生动物资源的法律保护

自然资源权属问题历来为学者们所争议。有关自然资源的权属问题可以衍生出多个无益于保护野生动物、合理利用野生动物资源的现象。本文以明确野生动物、野生动物资源、自然资源、野生动物保护法等相关概念为前提，以2010年沈阳私人动物园东北虎饿死案为切入点，探讨野生动物园中野生动物权属的问题，并对野生动物合理利用和保护提出建议。     

论我国野生动物驯养繁殖法律制度的完善

野生动物驯养繁殖在整个野生动物的生存和发展中具有重要作用,有关野生动物驯养繁殖的法律制度也成为许多国家环境保护立法的主要内容。本文针对目前我国野生动物驯养繁殖的立法现状与存在问题,提出了对驯养国家重点野生动物的部门作具体规定,在法律中具体规定国家重点保护野生动物死亡后的处理措施,《野生动物保护法》对虐待、遗弃致死野生动物的法律责任作具体规定的完善《野生动物保护法》的建议。     

陆生野生动物疫源疫病监测防控管理办法

1.2013年1月22日国家林业局令第31号公布2.自2013年4月1日起施行第一条为了加强陆生野生动物疫源疫病监测防控管理,防范陆生野生动物疫病传播和扩散,维护公共卫生安全和生态安全,保护野生动物资源,根据《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法》、《重大动物疫情应急条例》等法律法规,制定本办法。第二条从事陆生野生动物疫源疫病监测防控活动,应当遵守本办法。本办法所称陆生野生动物疫源是指携带危险性病原体,危及野生动物种群安全,或者可能向人类、饲养动物传播的陆生野生动物;本办法所称陆生野生动物疫病是指在陆生野生动物之间传播、流行,对陆     

论我国野生动物资源的法律保护

对野生动物的保护问题愈来愈受到人们的重视,而目前的保护也大多停留在观念上、学理上,就连野生动物保护的基本法也是一部珍稀、濒危野生动物保护法,不能够起到保护野生动物应有的功能和适应现实发展的需要。所以,本文谈的野生动物保护应该是更全面意义上动物保护,包括家养及用于科学研究和实验等野生动物的保护。通过分析现代野生动物保护存在的漏洞和不足,提出对野生动物法律保护完善的建议。     

Rapid and non-destructive differentiation of Shahtoosh from Pashmina/Cashmere wool using ATR FT-IR spectroscopy

Shahtoosh, the most expensive and sought-after wool in the illegal wildlife trade is obtained from the underfur of a critically endangered species-the Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii). It is often adulterated or mixed with the wool of Pashmina goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) for making shawls, scarves and other woolen articles to maximize the profit. The comparable fineness, color and texture, makes it a challenging task in wildlife forensics to differentiate them. In this study, an attempt has been made to differentiate 50 reference unprocessed underfur hairs from five individuals of each species using ATR FT-IR spectroscopy in combination with chemometric tools such as PCA, and PLS-DA. Results of PCA model demonstrated slight overlap and thus failed to distinguish hairs of these two species. Subsequently, PLS-DA model was employed, and also validation tests (external and blind testing) were carried out to ensure the predictive ability of the model, which resulted in 100% accuracy. The results of PLS-DA model exhibited complete differentiation between Shahtoosh, Pashmina and Angora (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) wool used for external validation study with highly significant predictive ability (R-square value 0.99). This proof-of-concept study illustrates the potential of ATR FT-IR spectroscopy to complement current forensic microscopic and DNA based technique to analyze hair evidence in wildlife investigations owing to its rapid and non-destructive nature with high degree of confidence, and its ease-of-use with minimal to no sample preparation.     

Resurrecting the Dodo: Positive control DNA for species identification

Positive controls are necessary standards for inclusion in forensic tests. When working as expected they demonstrate that methods have been applied correctly, and therefore results can be interpreted with confidence. However, the requirement for positive controls can also introduce problems. For species identification in wildlife DNA forensic testing, it is possible that the DNA sequence of the case sample will be a 100% match to the positive control. Whilst clear results for negative controls will indicate that cross-contamination is unlikely, it would be preferable to have a positive control that will not appear in casework. In addition, for many endangered species, obtaining positive control DNA for species-specific testing can be problematic. Here we present a simple method to use artificially generated positive control DNA from the extinct Dodo, Raphus cucullatus, for four species-identification tests run routinely in UK wildlife forensic casework.     

The catalyst-like role of forensic genetics in the developmental process of Hungarian wildlife forensics

The anthropocentric nature of forensic sciences has been changing continuously over the years and this process is continuing today. Due to its universality and multilateral implementation, and the fragmented nature of forensic epistemology, the information provided by forensic genetics can play a pivotal role in forensic science. At the same time, the link between forensic genetics and non-human forensic biological evidence has become unquestionable. It may highlight the modern requirements of forensic science, and this connection is also able to provide useful and sufficient examples for developmental processes in wildlife forensics. Obviously, the local formations, organizations, and operations of wildlife forensics can be different worldwide, but the detection and punishment of wildlife-related criminal behavior, as well as the prevention of further crimes, play a relevant role in these processes everywhere.     

Identification of mammal species using species-specific DNA pyrosequencing

In forensic casework it is highly relevant to be able to deduce the species origin of an unknown biological sample. For such a purpose we have designed and developed an assay for species identification based on DNA sequencing of two short mitochondrial DNA amplicons. In short, partial 12S rRNA and partial 16S rRNA fragments (approximately 100bp) are amplified by PCR followed by direct sequencing using pyrosequencing technique. Due to properties of the chosen targets, the same PCR conditions and primers were used irrespective of the true species of an unknown sample. A total of 28 different mammals present in the European fauna were sequenced both for the partial 12S rRNA and the partial 16S rRNA sequences for accuracy verification. Together the two sequences showed to have a high divergence factor, discriminating almost all mammals. Furthermore, the human reference nucleotide sequences were always at least nine nucleotides different compared to the other sequenced species both at the partial 12S rRNA and the partial 16S rRNA sequences.     

Environmental effects on magnetic fluorescent powder development of fingermarks on bird of prey feathers

A comparison study of the effects of environmental conditions on the development of latent fingermarks on raptor feathers using green magnetic fluorescent powder was undertaken using both sebaceous loaded and natural fingermark deposits. Sparrowhawk feathers were stored in indoor conditions for 60?days (Study 1), and buzzard feathers were left exposed to two different environmental conditions (hidden and visible) for 21?days (Study 2), with developments made at regular ageing periods. In Study 1, latent fingermarks were successfully developed (Grade 1–4) on the indoor feathers up to 60?days after deposition – 98.6% of the loaded deposits and 85.3% for natural deposits. Under outdoor conditions in Study 2, both loaded and natural deposits were affected by environmental exposure. Latent fingermarks were successfully developed up to 14?days after deposition on the outdoor feathers, with some occasional recovery after 21?days. The visible feathers recorded 34.7% (loaded) and 16.4% (natural) successful developments (Grade 1–4), whereas the hidden feathers recorded 46.7% (loaded) and 22.2% (natural) successful developments, suggesting that protection from the environment helps to preserve latent fingermarks on the surface of a feather. Environmental exposure accelerated the deterioration of ridge detail and the number of successful developments.     

Low-cost direct PCR for aged and processed wildlife sample analysis

Direct PCR has been used successfully in wildlife forensic DNA analysis from several types of biological samples using specialized, commercial direct PCR kits. This is attributed to the proprietary chemicals provided in the kits such as pre-PCR buffer and modified DNA polymerases. These reagents can be expensive, thereby limiting their widespread adoption in developing countries, where wildlife crimes are often encountered. We report on a study to evaluate the possibility of using low-cost direct PCR assay for degraded and processed wildlife sample analysis. Phire^® and Q5^® polymerases were used, due to their relatively low cost, for direct amplification of six aged and processed sample types (dried skin, 30-year old hair, muscle tissue, bone, trace blood mixed in vodka, and dried soft antler). The result indicated that Phire^® Hot Start II DNA polymerase and Q5^® DNA polymerase performed similarly to commercially available direct PCR kit. The low-cost amplification could efficiently identify species origin from all aged and processed samples. We observed a rate of more than 80% amplification success and high PCR product concentrations sufficient for further sequencing. The assay proved to be cost effective and robust; thus, we expect it to be adopted by wildlife forensic laboratories in developing countries.     

The convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats (Bern, 1979): Procedures of application in practice 1

Abstract

The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats was signed in Bern, Switzerland in 1979 and came into force on 1 June 1982. Over the past 20 years, various mechanisms have been developed to monitor the implementation of the Convention and to improve its effectiveness. The purpose of diis article is to examine the application of these mechanisms and assess die effectiveness of the Convention as a tool for biodiversity conservation.     

唐代格式东传日本嬗变考

日本学界较早就形成了关于日本格式与唐代格式没有密切渊源关系的权威性认识,但此种说法有失偏颇。日本“三代格”与日本式主要是在唐代格、式之后逐渐制定出来的,它们在形式、功能与内容方面表现出受唐代格、式直接影响的痕迹。这表明了唐代格式在日本格式的形成过程中曾起过不可忽视的作用,其意义不应低估。     

法家治国方略与秦朝速亡关系的再考察

法家治国方略导致秦朝速亡的通说存在诸多疑问。法家法、势、术相结合的治国方略是以顺应时势、合乎人心的法为基础,以维护和强化君主专制的势为目标,势和术的运用必须建立在法的基础之上,而法和术相结合共同增强势即维护和强化君主专制。秦朝速亡的根本原因是最高统治者对法家治国方略的理解与运用发生严重偏差,从而导致重大政策失误,法、势、术尽失而致灭亡。     

“TRIPs-plus”扩张的法律分析

“TRIPs-plus”是发达国家推行国际知识产权保护高标准的一种新形式，并呈现越来越强的扩张趋势。“TRIPs-plus”的扩张具有其法律依据和深刻诱因，认识和掌握“TRIPs-plus”扩张的法律特性对于我国针对新的国际环境积极制定应对策略具有重要意义。