浅析多等级伤残赔偿金的适用与完善

多等级伤残赔偿金是人身损害造成受害人多处伤残时的损害赔偿金.本文从探寻多处伤残赔偿金计算方法的立法现状与立法原则入手,分析现行我国伤残赔偿指数规定存在不足,进而提出应当统一多等级伤残赔偿指数标准、提高多等级伤残赔偿附加指数,以保护受害人权益,维护社会公平,促进社会和谐.     

侵权所得利益为酌定赔偿数额应考虑之因素

【裁判要旨】在知识产权侵权诉讼中,为了进一步提高损害赔偿数额计算的合理性,在确定实际损失或侵权所得的赔偿数额时,法官可以在一定事实和数据基础上,根据案情运用裁量权确定计算赔偿所需的其他数据,确定公平合理的赔偿数额。根据上述方法酌定的赔偿数额,可以不受法定赔偿最高或者最低限额的限制。     

从德国法看我国著作权赔偿制度

本文对我国著作权损害赔偿的侵权人主观构成要件,如何计算赔偿数额,我国目前实行的赔偿方法等问题作了探讨.计算机软件著作权损害赔偿与其他作品的损害赔偿没有本质上的差别.目前我国著作权侵害赔偿首先以被侵权人实际损失计算赔偿额,实际损失难以计算的,才可以侵权人的违法所得计算赔偿额.在这两种情况无法确定时,才能按法定五十万元限额确定赔偿数额.     

论罚金刑的适用

罚金属于财产刑的一种,在我国是一种附加刑,是人民法院判处犯罪人向国家缴纳一定数额金钱的刑罚方法,适用方式有选处、单处、并处及单处或并处四种,适用犯罪范围主要为破坏经济秩序罪、贪利犯罪、其他轻罪,适用主体主要为法人。     

消费者保护领域惩罚性赔偿的制度嬗变与未来改进

惩罚性赔偿制度的理想范型可以概括为:为满足“激励”、“惩罚”和“威慑”的制度功能,惩罚性赔偿适用于行为人具有恶性过错的侵权责任,并以“基准赔偿数额+增加赔偿数额”为赔偿标准计算方法,其中基准赔偿数额恒定为受害人的实际损失,增加赔偿数额则与基准赔偿数额存在比例关系。我国《消费者权益保护法》、《食品安全法》和法释〔2003〕7号中的相关惩罚性赔偿立法可以分类为“颠覆类型”、“标准类型”和“变通类型”三种。针对在立法中规则的碎片化、不系统所造成的标准不一和适用困难,应当进行立法三类型之间的联动和整合,形成以《消费者权益保护法》规定为基准,以商品房购买、食品安全等领域特殊立法为补充的惩罚性赔偿制度体系。     

交通事故多处伤残赔偿附加指数(Ia)精算方法

在GB18667-2002《道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定》中,虽规定了多等级伤残的计算公式,但没有规定具体的计算方法、步骤或各伤残赔偿附加指数(Ia)的对应数值(即什么等级的Ia为多少),以及该如何浮动,也未对伤残赔偿附加指数(Ia)进行举例说明该如何适用,导致在司法实践中确定Ia时随意性很大,亦致使确定"赔偿指数"时也颇有争议,各地、各司法机关、各鉴定机构在执行时均不一致.(注:目前Ia的确定,是由各地根据情况制定相应的规定或由人民法院自由裁量).本文提供一种符合实际和标准本意的相对公正的计算方法,以供参考.     

人体损伤致残程度鉴定标准中晋级原则研究

《人体损伤致残程度分级》(以下简称《伤残分级》)已于2017年1月1日起正式实施,《伤残分级》总则中没有采用"晋级原则".本文考证了国内现行有效的各伤残标准中关于"晋级"的适用情况、美国医学会制定的《永久性残损评定指南(第六版)》"晋级"的规定以及康复医学中的综合评定法.可以看出,"晋级原则"是国内外通行的伤残评定原则.晋级原则是伤残赔偿中的关键的技术问题,虽然《伤残分级》在具体条款(手功能)中有"晋级原则"的体现,但《伤残分级》在总则舍弃"晋级原则"可能会带来赔偿中的实务问题.笔者呼吁相关部门联合制定:多种损伤致残案件的伤残综合计算的"晋级方法",以解决实践中的迫切之需.     

我国知识产权侵权损害赔偿计算标准新设计

我国现行知识产权各单行法规定的侵权损害赔偿数额计算标准主要有实际损失、非法获利、许可使用费的合理倍数以及法定赔偿四项。除此之外,全国各级人民法院在审判实践中用以确定损害赔偿数额的还有约定赔偿、酌定赔偿、综合赔偿(或称裁量性赔偿)等计算标准。通过判例样本采集与统计分析,在知识产权侵权纠纷审判实践中,我国人民法院适用法定赔偿标准确定损害赔偿数额的比率非常高,超过了判例样本总数的90%。这种做法导致了知识产权侵权损害赔偿数额严重偏低的后果,引起了各界人士的诟病。为加强知识产权保护,应修改完善我国知识产权侵权损害赔偿数额计算标准,以增加计算标准、提升损害赔偿额度,促进创新驱动发展。     

人身伤亡精神损害赔偿研究

回顾中外历史上关于精神损害赔偿的理论争议及立法与司法的实践演进,对我国现行精神损害赔偿制度的形成及不足之处进行评析,研究了精神损害赔偿的权利人确定标准、赔偿数额的确定原则和计算方法,参考国外立法例,建议我国采用系数化公式计算赔偿数额     

从“鼓励性惩罚”到“惩罚性赔偿”——食品药品安全问题的法律经济学分析

近年来,我国食品药品安全事故屡禁不止,执法机构虽然相继采取多种法律制裁手段,但是实施效果不佳.从法律经济学的视角分析,现有的执法手段存在“罚款数额少定罪概率低”“赔偿范围窄”三大不足.这使现有执法手段有时不仅未起到“扬善抑恶”的惩罚作用,反而沦为“惩罚查处为表、鼓励纵容为实”的“鼓励性惩罚”.惩罚性赔偿制度可以有效地解决“鼓励性惩罚”问题.目前我国亟待完善惩罚性赔偿相关法律法规,建立以实际损害为计算标准、以集体诉讼提高司法概率、以惩罚弹性指标保障适度赔偿数额的具体制度,以增强食品药品安全法律的实施效果.     

Survey of methods for the rating of psychiatric impairment in Australia

One of the enduring clinical issues in the assessment of plaintiffs in personal injury and workers' compensation claims, as well as applicants for social security and disablement benefits, is that of the evaluation of impairment and work incapacity. Many writers on this topic confuse the concepts of impairment and disability, and similar confusion is reflected in a number of the rating methods that purport to evaluate impairment but in reality assess disability. In Australia there are 20 distinct statutory schemes for workers' compensation, motor accident compensation, and social security and other benefits, which utilise a variety of methods for the rating of psychiatric impairment. Recent legislative changes designed to restrict access to personal injury compensation at common law, which in two Australian State jurisdictions require the use of impairment rating scales, also specify the rating methods to be used in the assessment of psychiatric impairment. This article discusses the concepts of impairment and disability as defined by the World Health Organisation, and reviews the various methods for the rating of psychiatric impairment that are specified by statute in the federal and State jurisdictions in Australia.     

土地征收补偿标准的法经济学解读——兼论《物权法》第42条第2款及第132条之适用

现行法律未分别规定集体土地所有权及土地承包经营权的征收补偿标准,给《物权法》第42条第2款及第132条的适用带来了困惑。出于多方面因素考虑,集体土地征收应采取"二元化"的补偿模式;基于法经济学分析,在未设置土地承包经营权的假设下,集体土地所有权征收应以其市场交易的均衡价格作为补偿标准;家庭土地承包经营权征收应分别采用年平均产值、失地农民转业培训标准、居民社会保障标准,作为其收入、就业及社会保障效用减损的补偿标准;其他土地承包经营权征收应以延期收益损失作为补偿标准;分别考量未设置土地承包经营权的集体土地所有权征收补偿标准及土地承包经营权征收补偿标准,即可确定已设置土地承包经营权的集体土地所有权之征收补偿标准。     

Work Impairment and Disability in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review and Recommendations for Psychological Injury Research and Practice

Work impairment and disability are common consequences of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as reflected by significant rates of sickness absence, failure to return to work, and reduced work performance. Within the psychological injury field, the issue of work impairment and disability in PTSD often arises in workers’ compensation and disability insurance claims and in personal injury litigation. In this context, clinical and forensic practitioners are faced with challenges in rendering expert opinions on diagnosis, causality, prognosis, and recommendations for treatment and rehabilitation. To promote understanding of this important, yet understudied area, there are three aims of this paper: first, to review the current literature on work impairment and disability associated with PTSD; second, to draw on this literature to present a biopsychosocial framework of work impairment and disability in PTSD; and third, to offer suggestions for improving the assessment and management of PTSD-related work impairment and disability.     

Biopsychosocial Factors that Perpetuate Chronic Pain, Impairment, and Disability

The biopsychosocial model provides the most heuristic account of the complex multifaceted nature of chronic pain and its associated impairment and disability. Although chronic pain, impairment, and disability are related, these are three separate constructs. In order to understand how these three constructs are interrelated, the development of pain from the acute to the chronic stage is discussed. Psychosocial factors as barriers to recovery are emphasized, including those that commonly manifest among patients receiving disability compensation. This is complemented by a review of psychometric instruments used to assess these psychosocial factors in chronic pain. Finally, the major delineation in levels of care for chronic pain is highlighted, emphasizing an interdisciplinary approach that is consistent with pain as a biopsychosocial phenomenon.     

伤残评定标准及赔偿方式的比较研究

目的比较目前司法实践中常用的伤残评定标准及赔偿方式,以揭示目前我国人身伤害民事赔偿中存在的现实问题。方法时目前司法实践中常用的工伤标准、交通标准、普通伤害标准三大标准的内容进行比较;对与上述三大标准相对应的赔偿方式进行比较。结果（1）就标准的内容来看：三大标准中伤残条款的设立、级剐有显著的区别,同种损伤依据不同的标准评定,其伤残评定结果差异明显,“同伤不同残”现象较为普遍。（2）就标准的宽严尺度来看：工伤标准宽泛,门槛低,级别评定较高;而交通、普通伤害两个标准严格．门槛高,较轻的损伤不易评定为残疾。（3）就标准的架构来看：工伤标准、普通伤害标准在架构上严谨;而交通标准不够严谨,分级过于简单且涵盖内容不全。（4）就标准的强制力来看,交通标准为国家强制标准,级别最高．工伤标准其次,为国家推荐标准。普通人身伤害标准级别最低,目前尚无全国统一的标准;有的省适用自制标准（如江苏、北京）,有的省适用工伤标准,有的省适用交通标准,其效力常常遭到质疑。（5）就三种损伤类型的赔偿体系来看：赔偿方式各不相同,赔偿额差距显著,“同伤不同价”现象突出。因为目前全国没有统一的普通人身伤害标准．地方对伤残标准及赔偿方式的应用极为混乱,有的地方以宽松的残疾标准（如工伤标准）评定伤残,再配以目前普通伤害案件宽松的赔偿方式,其结果是赔偿额大幅增加,造成明显的司法不公。结论上述问题的解决应从伤残评定的医学标准着手,目前急需制定一部适用于普通伤害的残疾评定标准,这样可以确保在每一赔偿体系中,均存在与其相配套的医学评定标准,以避免因鉴定标准的不同引发的司法不公。     

Research Progress on Function Evaluation Standard and Method of Lower Extremity ImpairmentCSCD

The lower extremity impairment can be caused by illness, accident, work-related injury, traffic accident and fighting, etc. The injuries of lower extremity joint, nerve, muscle and tendon may lead to lower extremity dysfunction. So far, there is no unified standard for international and domestic function evaluation of lower extremity impairment, the evaluation standards in the same field are also different, and function evaluation of lower extremity impairment has no complete research system. However, the degree of lower extremity impairment has great influence on personal damage compensation. Therefore, the function evaluation of lower extremity impairment often becomes a dispute issue in forensic medicine identification. This article summarizes the function evaluation standards, methods and status quo of lower extremity impairment, so as to provide a new insight into the research on standardization of lower extremity impairment. © 2018 by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine.     

道路交通事故所致精神损害的法医学评价

目的研究RTA所致PTSD的相关法医学问题,为司法实践中精神损害赔偿提供科学依据和司法建议。方法对156例因RTA申请伤残程度鉴定的被鉴定人,通过临床精神病学检查确定PTSD的诊断,法医临床学检查评定躯体损伤的伤残程度,并通过问卷调查进一步确定受害人的心理社会状态。结果156例被调查对象PTSD发生率为51.92%。男女PTSD的发生率具有统计学的显著性差异;随着伤残程度的严重性增加,发生PTSD的可能性也随着增加;PTSD组与非PTSD组在生活质量总均分和生理、心理、社会关系、环境四个维度以及焦虑、抑郁的各项得分中都有显著性差异;获得赔偿将明显降低PTSD的发生率。结论RTA作为创伤性事件,申请赔偿的RTA受害人存在较高的PTSD发生率,获得良好的赔偿可以明显地降低申请赔偿的RTA受害人PTSD的发生率。     

Motor Vehicle Collisions and Their Consequences—Part II: Predictors of Impairment and Disability

A significant number of persons involved in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) evidence persistent changes in physical, psychosocial, and cognitive functioning consequent to physical injury. While post-injury impairment and disability can sometimes be predicted with knowledge of injury type and injury severity, post-injury experiences of pain, psychological distress, cognitive dysfunction, and role disruption have been determined to contribute to injury-related impairment and disability. This article represents the second part of a two-part review of MVCs and their consequences. In part I of the review, research findings related to physical, psychosocial, and cognitive changes that occur consequent to injury-causing MVCs are described. In this article, measures used to document the severity of physical injuries are reviewed, along with the most widely accepted definitions of impairment and disability. Models that have been proposed to explain the progression from injury to impairment and disability are reviewed, including a more recently proposed model created specifically to guide the assessment and management of MVC-related outcomes. The greater part of this article is devoted to the review of findings related to physical, psychological, and cognitive predictors of post-MVC impairment and disability. The relation of these predictors to post-MVC impairment and disability is described across three specific injury contexts: (1) whiplash-associated disorders, (2) traumatic brain injury, and (3) polytrauma. In each context, findings related to recovery of function in the form of return to work are summarized, along with findings related to the contribution of compensation to injury-related symptoms and impairments. Although not characterized as a physical injury, chronic pain serves frequently as the post-injury symptom that persists beyond all injury management and rehabilitation efforts and that contributes significantly to MVC-related functional impairment, disability, and emotional distress. It is appropriate, therefore, to include in this review a discussion of those MVC studies that specifically address impairment and disability occurring in relation to chronic pain. The article ends with the identification of ongoing research challenges and future directions for both the study of MVCs and their associated sequelae and clinical practice with persons who are experiencing the consequences of MVC-related injuries.     

跨区流域生态补偿如何实现横向协同? ——基于13个流域生态补偿案例的定性比较分析

【问题】流动的水资源与相对固定的区域分割形成一个治理难题,跨区流域生态补偿面临犬牙交错的权责关系。在此背景下,如何实现跨域政府间联防联治、构建全流域共同治理机制?本文试图探究如下问题:影响跨区流域生态补偿横向协同效果的因素有哪些?流域生态补偿协同治理的作用路径是什么?【方法】本研究构建了影响跨区流域生态补偿横向协同效果的动力模型,以建立跨区流域生态补偿协同治理机制的13个流域试点为案例,以地方统计年鉴、生态环境部门公开数据和政策文本等资料为数据来源,使用模糊集定性比较分析法(fsQCA)对数据进行分析。【发现】fsQCA条件组态分析发现实现跨区流域横向协同的两个条件组合路径:(1)跨区流域生态补偿横向协同效果=强政治势能*政策环境支持;(2)跨区流域生态补偿横向协同效果=弱组织支撑*地区经济差异*政策环境支持。两条路径总覆盖率约为72%,表示这两个组合能够解释大多数案例,是促进跨区流域生态补偿横向协同的典型组合。【贡献】研究发现了实现跨区流域生态补偿横向协同的两条路径:“高位主导”型协同路径和“辐射带动”型协同路径。因此,进一步优化我国跨区流域生态补偿协同治理机制应从差异化治理入手,完善跨区流域机制协同,构建横向自主协同新路径,全面提升流域—区域联动治理水平。     

The core of pure economic loss

Should loss of earnings be compensated? The established law and economics wisdom considers pure economic loss as a transfer of wealth from the victim to a third party, whose earnings increase as a consequence of the accident. Such transfers do not amount to a social loss and, hence, should not be compensated. We revisit these arguments and show that the social loss should be calculated by taking into account that: (a) pure economic loss often involves impairment costs resulting from the fact that valuable resources cannot be temporarily used and (b) the third-party earnings come at the cost of increased capacity. This increased capacity mitigates the expected harm and, hence, is a form of precaution. By taking into account these factors, we show that most pure-economic-loss cases do result in a socially relevant loss. In addition, we argue that the absence of a social loss is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for the denial of compensation. The victim (or a third party) may have actually paid for protection against purely private losses. Thus, compensation should be awarded irrespective of whether national law treats the case under tort or contract (where compensation is undisputed). Finally, we offer considerations on the optimal design of liability rules.