75例新生儿死亡案例法医学回顾分析

目的回顾分析新生儿的性别、存活时间、妊娠和分娩情况、病理检验和死亡原因等方面的问题,以探讨新生儿死亡的法医病理学特点。方法收集中国医科大学法医司法鉴定中心1996年～2016年的75例新生儿尸检案例,内容包括病史资料、妊娠分娩及新生儿出生情况、尸检记录、病理检验和死亡原因等,对性别、妊娠分娩情况、出生时Apgar评分及存活时间等资料进行统计分析。结果脐带绕颈导致的宫内窒息死亡多发生于出生后2h以内,羊水吸入性窒息及肺透明膜病死亡多发生于出生后24h以内,而羊水吸入性肺炎导致的死亡多发于出生后1d～7d。结论对于新生儿死亡原因鉴定,法医学工作者除了在进行系统解剖及常规毒物检查外,还应当充分考虑新生儿出生时一般状况、 Apgar评分等临床资料以及新生儿的存活时间,以对死亡原因作出准确鉴定。     

5例女性杀子案件的法医学分析

<正>日常检案中母亲杀死自己子女的案件比较少见,与常见的命案检验相比,这类案件的死亡原因、死亡方式及嫌疑人等均有其特殊性。本文通过收集、分析2009～2015年本地区的5例女性杀子的案件,以期探讨女性杀子案件的法医学检验重点和命案勘查的侧重方向。1材料和方法1.1案例来源5例案件均来自2009～2015年本地区发生的女     

虚拟解剖技术法医学应用浅析

正1传统法医学检验技术法医学是应用医学、生物学、化学和其他自然科学理论和技能解决法律问题的科学,用于侦察犯罪和审理民事或刑事案件提供证据。法医学检验的主要目的是获取、分析、阐明涉及法律纠纷有关的活体或尸体的医学证据。在有关死亡分析中,最重要的是确定死亡原因,死亡方式,评估致命伤和非致命伤,并在可能的情况下进行现场重建,其主要目的是确认与之相关的证据信息。传统法     

浅析机动车交通事故起火现场的特点及勘验要点

<正>机动车在交通事故中起火伴人员死亡的案例在法医学实践中时有所见,作者针对此类案例的特点,论述现场勘验和法医学检验的要点,以供同行参考。1机动车交通事故起火案例的特点机动车交通事故起火现场与一般火灾现场有所区别,其特点主要有:①起火现场多发生在以汽油为燃料的机动车上,以柴油为燃料或电力驱动车辆发生较少。由于汽油泄漏,且车上存在多种易燃物品,因     

146例他杀尸检资料法医学分析

<正>本文就笔者单位2001年至2010年146例他杀案件尸检资料进行回顾性分析,旨在为法医学检案工作提供参考。1案例资料1.1一般情况146例他杀尸检资料均为2001年1月至2010年12月本单位登记备案的案例。所有案例均经现场勘查,尸体检验及案情调查,最终认定为他杀。     

法医学检验标准展望

正在实际工作中,法医学鉴定人应用医学知识和理论来解释和论证检案中的活体损伤、死亡过程和机制,并应用法律知识分析与各种伤情、死因相关的法律责任问题。高效完成检验、鉴定工作,必须规范检验、鉴定的全过程,使同一个案例在不同的检验、鉴定实验室取得相同的结论,以维护司法公平和公正。为此,法医学鉴定人必须在收集、检验和使用证据时,遵照统一而且明确的规则,包括对检验、鉴定机构(实验室)的要求;对检验、鉴定人员资质的要求;对实验室     

法医学检验标准展望

在实际工作中,法医学鉴定人应用医学知识和理论来解释和论证检案中的活体损伤、死亡过程和机制,并应用法律知识分析与各种伤情、死因相关的法律责任问题。高效完成检验、鉴定工作,必须规范检验、鉴定的全过程,使同一个案例在不同的检验、鉴定实验室取得相同的结论,以维护司法公平和公正。为此,法医学鉴定人必须在收集、检验和使用证据时,遵照统一而且明确的规则,包括对检验、鉴定机构(实验室)的要求;对检验、鉴定人员资质的要求;对实验室     

白血病死亡的法医学鉴定

材料和方法回顾性研究我所2003～2005年间检案实践中4例白血病死亡的法医学鉴定案件。结果4例死者生前均无明显的血液病症状,其中1例死亡前经临床确诊为急性颗粒增多型早幼粒细胞性白血病（M3）,另外3例均无血液病相应的临床资料。尸体解剖主要所见：（1）多器官（尤其是脑）白血病细胞浸润;（2）肝、脾肿大;（3）凝血功能障碍引起的出血倾向,如：皮肤紫癜、创口渗血或迁延不愈等;（4）可排除暴力死亡。结论白血病细胞脑浸润引起的脑内血肿和血液病的并发症弥漫性血管内凝血（DIC）是导致死亡的常见原因;在白血病患者突发死亡的案例中,死者生前往往缺乏典型的血液病症状,或仅有轻微的症状未引起注意;此类案件的法医学鉴定应注意收集临床资料,必须进行系统的尸体解剖检验,在有检验条件的情况下应进行骨髓细胞学病理检验。     

腐败尸体的法医学检验

腐败尸体的检验鉴定在法医学上有重要意义。尸体腐败会毁坏损伤和病变，给尸体检验造成困难。关于腐败尸体的法医学检验，国内外文献报道较少，一般多着重于组织微观形态改变和生化分析，研究其分子保存水平，而与实际检案要求不能完全适应。本文拟将对腐败尸体大体检验与实际检案的要求作一专题讨论。 1 腐败及影响因素 　　腐败是人死后，机体组织中的复杂有机物，受腐败细菌的作用分解为简单的有机物和无机物，并产生大量腐败气体，使尸体液化失去原形的过程。机体死亡后，一般经过 24小时左右，就开始出现腐败现象。尸体外观常见的腐…     

小脑幕／大脑镰出血致新生儿死亡15例法医病理研究

目的对小脑幕/大脑镰撕裂出血导致新生儿死亡的病理特点、发生机理和法医学意义进行探讨. 方法对四川大学华西法医学院1988年1月～2001 年期间尸检档案中新生儿死亡案例进行分析. 结果小脑幕/大脑镰撕裂出血在新生儿死亡案例中出现率较高,可以构成新生儿死亡的独立因素或合并因素. 结论应重视生产过程中产程处理、分娩方式的选择及技术操作,避免和减少新生儿小脑幕/大脑镰撕裂出血.     

Newborn kidnapping by cesarean section

A study of 30 cases of violence from a total sample of 199 cases of infant abductions between the years 1983 and 2000 included a subsample of six (or 20%) where the kidnapping was by cesarean section. The six cases are classified by type of crime. Four cases were classified as personal cause homicide, subtype cesarean section homicide; one case classified as personal cause, subtype domestic homicide, and one case classified as a criminal enterprise homicide. The behavioral profiles of the abductors included a confidence style approach to the victim mother, deception, and planning of the cesarean section. The forensic psychodynamics suggest a dual motive to cement a failing partner relationship and to fulfill a childbearing and delivery fantasy. Cesarean section murder suggests a new category of personal cause homicide.     

Hanging: suicide or homicide?

Death by Hanging: Suicide or Homicide. Six cases of homicidal hanging and murder presented as suicidal hanging are recorded. Suspension followed strangulation by ligature or throttling and head injuries in 4 cases. Distinction between homicide and suicide was easy in 5 cases: two of the perpetrators gave themselves up to the police, one committed suicide immediately after he had hanged his 15 year old daughter; in two cases tracks of blood, heavy injuries of the victims, and traces of robbery were obvious. Unless the victim is an infant or an adult person incapacitated by drink, disease, or drugs, or unless there are several assailants murder is difficult to accomplish. Distinction between murder and suicide may be impossible by an examination of the body alone. Detailed investigation of the scene, reconstruction of the position of the suspended body, examination of the rope, the knots, the direction of the fibres on the rope may serve to discover homicidal hanging. - Compared to suicidal hanging homicide has a frequency of about 1% in our autopsy material. However, we cannot estimate the number of obscure cases.     

Evaluation of diagnostic tools applied in the examination of sudden unexpected deaths in infancy and early childhood

During the period between 1984 and 1999, 309 cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy and early childhood (0-3 years) were investigated at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Oslo. In 73 cases, an explainable cause of death was found. In this non-sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) group, 42 cases were due to disease, 14 to accidents, 7 to neglect/abuse and 10 cases were due to homicide. In 43 cases, there were pathological findings at the autopsy or suspect features in the history and/or circumstances, which were, however, insufficient to explain death ("borderline" SIDS). In the remaining 193 cases, nothing of significance was detected ("pure" SIDS).The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the importance of the different diagnostic tools used in diagnosing non-SIDS and borderline SIDS cases. The definition of SIDS requires a negative history as well as a negative autopsy result. Thus, the following variables were analysed: circumstances, medical history and autopsy, which included a gross pathological investigation, histology, neuropathology, microbiology, radiology and toxicology. In diagnosing deaths due to disease, histology, neuropathology and microbiology were the most important diagnostic tools. In contrast, information about the circumstances of death and the gross pathological findings at autopsy most often revealed the cause of death in accidents and cases of neglect/abuse and homicide.Following the drop in SIDS rate in Norway after 1989, the share of pure SIDS in proportion to the total population of sudden unexpected deaths in infancy and early childhood has decreased. The increasing proportion of non-SIDS and borderline SIDS cases presents a challenge to improve the quality of the investigation in cases of sudden death in infancy and early childhood.     

POVERTY,INFANT MORTALITY,AND HOMICIDE RATES IN CROSS-NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE: ASSESSMENTS OF CRITERION AND CONSTRUCT VALIDITY*

This article assesses the extent to which the infant mortality rate might be treated as a “proxy” for poverty in research on cross-national variation in homicide rates. We have assembled a pooled, cross-sectional time-series data set for 16 advanced nations from the 1993–2000 period that includes standard measures of infant mortality and homicide and contains information on the following commonly used “income-based” poverty measures: a measure intended to reflect “absolute” deprivation and a measure intended to reflect “relative” deprivation. With these data, we assess the criterion validity of the infant mortality rate with reference to the two income-based poverty measures. Also, we estimate the effects of the various indicators of disadvantage on homicide rates in regression models, thereby assessing construct validity. The results reveal that the infant mortality rate is correlated more strongly with “relative poverty” than with “absolute poverty,” although much unexplained variance remains. In the regression models shown here, the measure of infant mortality and the relative poverty measure yield significant positive effects on homicide rates, whereas the absolute poverty measure does not exhibit any significant effects. The results of our analyses suggest that it would be premature to dismiss relative deprivation in cross-national research on homicide, and that disadvantage is conceptualized and measured best as a multidimensional construct.     

The dark figure of infanticide in England and Wales: complexities of diagnosis

Infants aged younger than 12 months have the highest homicide victimization rate of any single age group in England and Wales. In addition, there are good grounds for believing that the official homicide statistics for this particular age group are an underestimate and subject to distortion. At the same time there is evidence mounting in the United Kingdom that some parents have been incorrectly convicted of infanticide. This article first explores all recorded cases of infanticide in England and Wales for the period 1995-2002 (298 cases in total). Characteristics of the offenders, victims, offense, and court outcomes are examined. The second part of the article takes a critical gaze at the complexities involved in distinguishing infanticide from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and other sudden unexplained deaths in infancy (SUDI). The article ends by considering in what ways infant deaths might be more effectively investigated.     

Elder homicide: a 20-year study

A subcategory of elder maltreatment is the fatal outcome, or elder homicide. Some cases of elder homicide result from chronic abuse and/or neglect, while others appear to be sudden, with no pertinent history. The research and literature of elder homicide are lacking, making the investigation of each case difficult; the typical victim, perpetrator, scenario, and cause of death are not known. Components of homicide such as sexual assault and toxicology also lack study. We analyzed all elder deaths over a 20-year period. Cases included those with victims greater than or equal to 65 years of age. These deaths totaled 2137: natural = 1506, accident = 344, suicide = 139, homicide = 127, and undetermined = 21. Focusing on homicides, variables analyzed were age, race, gender, cause of death, location of death, time of year, motive, perpetrator, toxicology, and sexual assault component. By identifying the typical victim, perpetrator, scenario, and autopsy findings, these cases can be more completely investigated and possibly prevented.     

An Assessment of the Quality of Homicide Data in the Supplementary Homicide Reports: A Research Note

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)’s Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) is a national-level incident-based data clearinghouse for homicide events in the USA used in countless research studies to track homicide trends, test theory, and analyze policy. Despite its wide use, the SHR has well-known limitations. This research note examines the accuracy of the information in the SHR by comparing homicide cases in Newark, New Jersey with their respective data to determine the level of disagreement between the data sources, which variables exhibit the greatest disagreement, and the case-related variables related to the disagreement. Uniquely, we do this for cases where offenders are known in the SHR. Our findings suggest that variables such as victim-offender relationship and circumstance have high disagreement even when the SHR reports an offender, and that the most important covariate of this is time to close the homicide investigation with an arrest. Research implications of the results are discussed.     

Criminal and suicidal death with bolt gunshot weapons. An experimental and case contribution

Authors report on two cases of homicide and another case of suicide, all committed with captive-bolt livestock-stunners. The investigation of skull caps revealed roundish holes at the entry sites which were beveled-out in a paraboloid-like manner on the inner aspect. These defects were reproducible in test shots with various strengths of ammunition and different materials as targets.     

Investigating the role of screen violence in specific homicide cases

Despite a substantial body of research indicating a significant and causal empirical relationship between viewing what the authors label "screen violence" and behaving violently, little attention has been paid to the forensic psychological and psychiatric investigation of these phenomena in specific homicide cases. Through the analysis of seven cases of homicide, mostly committed by adolescents, the authors introduce five concepts--aggression immersion, theme consistency, scene specificity, repetitive viewing, and self-editing--for advancing such investigations.     

A METHODOLOGICAL ADDITION TO THE CROSS‐NATIONAL EMPIRICAL LITERATURE ON SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND HOMICIDE: A FIRST TEST OF THE POVERTY‐HOMICIDE THESIS*

Dozens of cross‐national studies of homicide have been published in the last three decades. Although nearly all these studies test for an association between inequality and homicide, no studies test for a poverty—homicide association. This absence is disconcerting given that poverty is one of the most consistent predictors of area homicide rates in the abundant empirical literature on social structure and homicide in the United States. Using a sample that coincides closely with similar recent studies, applying a proxy for poverty (infant mortality) that is commonly employed in noncriminological cross‐national research, and controlling for several common covariates (including inequality), this study provides the first test of the poverty—homicide hypothesis at the cross‐national level. The results reveal a positive and significant association between a nation's level of poverty and its homicide rate. The findings also suggest that we may need to reassess the strong conclusions about an inequality—homicide association drawn from prior studies, as this relationship disappears when poverty is included in the model.