机动车外后视镜对人体损伤的研究

目的探讨机动车外后视镜对人体损伤的特点。方法对10例于1990—2005年间在华西医科大学法医学院鉴定的案例进行回顾性的调查，所有研究对象均为机动车外后视镜损伤患者。结果在车内驾驶员为左眼损伤，前排乘客为右眼损伤，均被同则外后视镜碎片所致，而在车外分为两类，一类为骑自行车的中学生，被外后视镜撞伤，以颅脑损伤居多，另一类为行走老年人，被后视镜撞伤，表现为四肢骨折。结论根据其受伤特征，提出相应的预防措施。     

交通事故肢体伤残等级评定1例

1案例 郭某,男,41岁,农民,于2007年5月1日19：20在行走时被机动车撞伤。急送至当地医院,诊断为：左腘窝皮瓣撕脱伤,全身多处软组织挫伤。当日摄X线片示：骨盆及双下肢未见明显骨折。5月12日左小腿B超示：少量积液。     

残疾人维权系列案件解析之二十四 下班途中受伤致残 执结十年终获赔偿文/朱冉

案情:下班途中出车祸致残2003年6月,43岁的北京人李亮到北京市大兴区某加工厂工作,双方未签订劳动合同。2003年11月的一天,李亮在下班途中被机动车撞伤,后被送往医院治疗。事发后,机动车逃逸。加工厂法定代表人王强仅支付给李亮部分治疗费后,就难觅踪迹。2004年3月,李亮被鉴定为工伤伤残9级。李亮向北京市大兴区劳动争议仲裁委员会申请仲裁,请求仲裁庭裁决加工厂支付自己医疗费、伤残补助金等共计5.4万余元。案件审理期间,加工厂方面没有提交答辩书,也未出庭。2004年9月8日,劳动争议仲裁委员会经审理后认     

浅析交通肇事赔偿制度反其完善对策

现行交通肇事赔偿制度实施以来,在机动车业界产生了"宁撞死,勿撞伤"的潜规则。本文以此潜规则为前提,分析出现这种现象的原因,探讨交通肇事赔偿制度的缺陷,结合外国立法经验并以调研报告为依据试着从金额及刑罚方面提出相关立法建议,以促进交通肇事赔偿制度的完善。     

第三人侵权引起工伤的法律适用问题辨析

一、问题的提出现实生活中,因第三人侵权引起的工伤事故时有发生,如,职工在上下班途中被他人违章驾驶的机动车撞伤或撞死;在正常工作期间(在工作时间和工作场所内),因履行工作职责受到暴力而意外伤害等,都是典型的因第三人侵权引起的工伤。作为工伤职工是否可以就人身损害赔偿向侵权人主张后再根据《工     

道路交通事故中骨盆骨折与致伤方式的相关性初步研究

目的　探讨道路交通事故中骨盆骨折的致伤方式 ,从而有助于交通事故的重建分析。方法　对 112例交通事故中已知致伤方式 ,即被撞击、摔跌以及被碾压的伤 (亡 )者骨盆骨折的X线片 ,按照骨盆骨折的分类学进行研究 ,并对有关资料进行统计分析和X2 检验。结果　机动车碾压伤所致骨盆重型损伤发生率明显大于撞击伤 ;机动车撞击伤所致骨盆骨折中 ,耻骨骨折的损伤特征可以反映外力的作用方向。结论　根据骨盆骨折的损伤特征推断致伤方式有助于推断交通事故当事人的交通状态 ,报道如下。     

油浸法鉴别汽车后视镜玻璃的研究

目的研究油浸法对汽车后视镜玻璃的鉴别能力。方法应用油浸法对20种汽车后视镜玻璃进行折射率值测定并用t检验法对数据进行处理。结果在置信度为95％时，20个后视镜玻璃样品的区分率为97．9％。结论油浸法对汽车后视镜玻璃有很好的区分能力，而且使用样品量少，可以达到微克级，是一种鉴别后视镜玻璃的有效方法。     

法律咨询

被盗机动车肇事车主是否承担赔偿责任传水法律咨询来信今年7月10日下午，我的吉普车停在住宿区停车场时被叶某偷开出去兜风。就在我到处寻找车子，并向110报警的同时，交警部门通知我，说我的车子被叶开出肇事，撞伤了行人吴某。吴住院花去医疗费2万余元。因叶无力赔偿这笔损失，受害人吴某要我偿付，理由是，车子是我的，应由我负连带责任。请问我该偿付吴的医药费吗？读者：赵某复信一般而言，机动车肇事，负有责任的驾驶员无力赔偿的，应由车辆所在单位或车主负责垫付。但从来信看，你的车子是被叶某偷开出去的，你并不知道车子被叶开出…     

外伤性乙状结肠破裂肠内容致肺栓塞1例

<正> 1 案例资料1.1 简要案情 某女,40岁。于2001年10月15日12时,骑自行车过路口时被四轮机动车撞伤,随即入院救治。检查体征:意识清醒,血压不稳定(13.3/10.7-11.3/8.0kPa);下肢、肋骨、骨盆等多处骨折,肝脾完好;腹穿无血性液体,保守治疗。当日18时,     

要是敢逃逸，重罚没商量

据分析,在美国,交通肇事后的逃逸人员主要为以下几类：吸毒、醉驾、无证驾驶、没有给机动车上保险等人员。基本上,美国各州的法律都会对这几类人员处以重罚,比如醉驾,根据加州的法律最高会被判处1年监禁、吊销4年驾照,并处1000美元的罚款。没有给车上保险还撞伤了人,也要负刑事责任的。这还不算,当事人的信用记录还会降低,很可能丢工作,外籍人员甚至会被驱逐出境。所以,这类人就会抱着侥幸心理选择逃逸。从这个角度来说,这位醉驾的局长在美国也可能想逃逸。     

Fatal positional asphyxia associated with rollover crashes

Motor vehicle rollover crashes result in complex occupant kinematics with the potential for severe injury. Five cases of fatal asphyxia in occupants suspended from their safety belt upside down after a rollover crash are presented. These fatalities accounted for 13.5% of all motor vehicle related asphyxia deaths in San Diego County over a 10-year period. This study supports previous research noting that incapacitation due to other injuries, alcohol, or obesity may be associated with fatal positional asphyxia due to inversion during rollovers. Safety belts are proven to prevent serious injury in motor vehicle crashes and should always be worn. However, redesign of the buckle could be considered to permit easier release by an occupant. We also suggest that pre-existing heart disease may contribute to the possibility of a fatal asphyxia outcome. Although this is a rare cause of motor vehicle related death, our results suggest that these are potentially preventable deaths.     

Murder and robbery by vehicular impact: true vehicular homicide

True vehicular homicides are defined as those occurrences in which a motor vehicle is intentionally used as a weapon in taking of a life. A case is presented in which the deceased was traveling in the front passenger seat of a motor car that was deliberately rammed by a heavy jeep that came in the opposite direction, resulting in a serious frontal collision. Immediately after the impact, while the occupants of the car were lying in a dazed condition, the two persons riding in the jeep escaped with a bag containing money that was in the car, leaving the jeep behind. The impact mainly involved the driver's sides of both vehicles. The driver of the car sustained serious injuries but was found to be alive, whereas the front-seat passenger, who did not show any serious external injuries, was found to be in a collapsed state and was pronounced dead on admission to the hospital within 30 minutes of the accident. The autopsy revealed that death was caused by closed hemopericardium from a ruptured right atrium. The evaluation of the external and internal injuries confirmed that the fatal injury and a few serious internal injuries were caused by the seat belt (tertiary-impact injuries). The ruptured right atrium was attributed to blunt abdominal trauma by impacting against the lap belt. The case was a true vehicular homicide in which a motor vehicle had been used as a weapon to kill a person. Various aspects pertaining to road accidents, the safety of the occupants, and the advantage and disadvantage of the safety devices are discussed.     

Fatal traffic injuries among children and adolescents in three cities (capital Budapest, Vilnius, and Tallinn)

Motor vehicle accidental injuries are a frequent cause of death among young children and adolescents. The goal of this study was to compare patterns of injury between three capitals (Budapest, Vilnius, and Tallinn). Information on 190 fatal traffic accidents (69 pedestrians, 14 bicyclists, and 107 motor vehicle occupants) between 2002 and 2006 was collected from databases of medico-legal autopsies. The role of victims in accidents, the location of injuries, cause of death, survival period, and blood alcohol levels were evaluated. One-hundred and forty-one (74%) victims had a passive role in traffic as pedestrians, passengers in cars, or public transport. In victims who died at the scene, the rate of head injury was higher than in cases who received medical treatment (odds ratio = 2.58, CI = 1.2-5.55, p = 0.0127). These results underline the importance of postmortem studies to examine the pathomechanism of fatal traffic accidental injuries and to provide information for the prevention of road traffic accidents against children and adolescents.     

Motorcyclists’ fatalities in multiple crashes: Who is responsible for death? (three cases)

In Italy in 2007, 26% of two-wheeled motor vehicle injury/fatalities concerned motorcyclists. However, it is rare (4%) that a motorcycle (MC) crashes with two other road users and even more exceptional is a crash between a MC and three other vehicles. In general, in MC–vehicle crashes, the vehicle driver is at fault in more than 50% of the cases and the motorcyclist in 37%. The study concerns three MC lethal road accidents in which the culpability of the motorcyclist's death was questioned by the prosecutor because it was supposed that one or more vehicles ran over the motorcyclist after a fall. The crucial question in these three cases was if it was possible to assign injuries to a specific crash-aetiology and to assign/exclude the responsibility of motorcyclist's death to a defined subject (motorcyclist himself and/or car drivers) after a crash-dynamics study made by an engineer consultant or by the police authority. Case (1) A 56-year-old motorcyclist on a highway had a front–rear end collision with a car that suddenly stopped; he was therefore projected against a concrete traffic island, thrown on the soil and run over by another car. Case (2) A 29-year-old motorcyclist on the East ring road fell on the soil, perhaps by a supposed front–rear end contact with a car and was run over by two cars in rapid succession. Case (3) A 34-year-old motorcyclist on the North ring road fell suddenly on the soil for unknown reasons; during first aid, the medical team around him was run over by the ambulance which pushed after a rear-end collision with a car. A stepwise analysis of the indicated crash dynamics and an evaluation of all the injuries revealed at autopsy, the study proposed, when possible, injury aetiology for each case and the related responsibility assignments and exclusions.     

The seromuscular tear and other intestinal lesions in the seatbelt syndrome: a clinical and pathologic study of 29 cases

The authors describe the clinical and pathologic findings in 29 patients with injuries from motor vehicle accidents. The seromuscular tear (SMT), the hallmark intestinal injury of the seatbelt syndrome, is an unambiguous lesion similar in all segments of bowel and is caused by a tear that separates the inner muscularis from the submucosa. It is characterized by (1) a wedge that strips the submucosa from the inner circular muscle; (2) a bending retraction of the torn muscularis toward the uninvolved bowel wall; (3) mucosal-submucosal fold effacement, causing the mucosa-submucosa bridge spanning the tear to become paper thin; and (4) the vulnerability of this bridge to ischemia that in 35% of the tears studied culminated in incipient or frank perforations and/or gangrene. Large SMTs, particularly the circumferential degloving type, are most prone to develop these complications. These findings militate against the idea that the SMT is a trivial lesion. The SMT occurred in 90% of patients in this report and accounted for 65% of all intestinal lesions. Seventy-three percent of the tears developed in the colon, and one third of all SMTs occurred in the sigmoid colon. Two thirds of all intestinal and mesenteric injuries clustered in three sites: the ileocecal region, the sigmoid colon, and the jejunum. Perforations were the principal lesion in the jejunum and SMTs at the other two locations. Ninety percent of patients experienced two or more intestinal lesions. This suggests the simultaneous action of different traumatic mechanisms on the bowel and its mesenteries in seatbelted persons who are in motor vehicle accidents.     

Familial Vehicular Murder‐Suicide

A certain number of single‐vehicle crashes into stationary roadside objects such as trees are thought to be occult suicides. However, is it possible that some cases of multiple deaths within a family in similar crashes are due to unrecognized familial murder‐suicides? A 39‐year‐old woman and her 11‐year‐old daughter are reported who died of injuries following a vehicle impact with a tree. Unusual behavior of the mother leading up to the crash, and assessment at the scene, raised the possibility of this being a nonaccidental event. However, difficulties in retrospectively determining the intent of a driver in a vehicle crash, and the nonrecording of, or lack of separate coding for murder‐suicides on registers, make determination of the incidence of these types of events extremely difficult. It may be that this is a subcategory of murder‐suicide that is underdiagnosed and so is not being registered on central motor vehicle crash databases.     

Injury patterns in motor vehicle fatalities

A retrospective pilot study of motor vehicle incident fatalities was conducted to determine what relationships exist between injuries received by deceased drivers, passengers, and a control population of pedestrians, and some of the environmental factors existing at the time of the incident. A number of correlations were established between the types and locations of injuries received, seat belt use, position of the injured party, and so forth. A study of this type, if performed on a large enough population, could lead to predictive models for the determination of position of the victims within a motor vehicle at the time of a fatal crash, based on a unique clustering of injuries.     

基于3D激光扫描、多刚体重建和遗传算法优化的车-人碰撞事故再现模拟与损伤分析

目的利用3D激光扫描技术,结合多刚体动力学和遗传算法优化对一起汽车与自行车及其骑车人碰撞的交通事故进行再现模拟与损伤分析,为法医学死因鉴定提供生物力学依据。方法利用3D激光扫描技术对肇事汽车进行测量,根据测量数据建立人-自行车-汽车多刚体模型,并设置优化变量的取值范围,利用多目标遗传算法,带精英策略的快速非支配排序遗传算法求最优近似解,并与事故现场附近监控视频记录进行比较。结果事故车辆激光扫描重建结果良好,通过遗传算法优化收敛所获得的最优近似解中的假人、自行车、汽车的动力学行为与监控视频中所记录的三者动力学行为相符合,假人的损伤参数也与事故中骑车人的损伤情况及部位相一致。结论利用3D激光扫描技术,结合多刚体动力学和遗传算法优化可以对人-自行车-汽车碰撞前的运动状态、碰撞致伤过程进行重建,并对受害者的损伤进行力学分析,在交通事故受害人致伤方式鉴定及死因分析中具有应用价值。     

Cervical airway injuries as a result of impact with steering wheel rim

Motor vehicle occupants may suffer severe cervical airway injuries as the result of impaction with the steering wheel, dashboard, windshield, backseat, and seat belt. Although the steering column is well recognized as a general site of injury infliction, less attention has been directed to components which may be the actual focal point of contact, such as the steering wheel rim. Two cases of cervical airway injury as a result of impact with the steering wheel rim are presented, including one instance of complete laryngotracheal transection. Correlation of injury with crash and postcrash sequences as well as the damaged vehicle will often provide excellent crash injury reconstruction.     

Neck injuries caused by being run over by a motor vehicle

We report a homicide involving the use of a motor vehicle and simulating a traffic accident. This observation was the reason for a retrospective analysis of neck injuries in victims of traffic accidents, in which a person has been run over (RO) by a motor vehicle. The autopsy material of two institutes from 1990-1996 was used. The following findings were obtained in 63 victims: laryngohyoid fractures (LH-fx): 10 cases (16%) with a clear difference between the institutes (22% versus 7%). This resulted from examination with special regard to such injuries in many cases at one of the institutes, whereas only autopsy reports were taken retrospectively from the other institute. Five of these cases had suffered only minor LH-fx (as seen frequently in strangulation), although extensive run over (RO) injuries of the other cervical tissues were present. All LH-fx were caused by direct compression of the neck; in eight of the cases they were combined with mandibular fractures. Petechial hemorrhages (petH) at the eye lids/conjunctivae were seen in 19 cases (30%); 16 of these were related to thorax RO injuries, three to abdominal RO only. Four cases involved LH-fx, petH as well as cervical skin lesions and additional cervical soft tissue hemorrhages. Interpretation can be extremely difficult with this combination of findings if the character of the event cannot be established as accidental beyond doubt on the basis of the circumstances.