拉曼光谱成像技术检验朱墨时序中书写笔种类对检验结果的影响研究

目的考察在运用拉曼光谱阵列面扫描检验朱墨时序的方法中书写笔油墨种类对检验结果的影响。方法根据拉曼谱图的不同对搜集的188种书写笔（包括22种黑色圆珠笔,62种蓝色圆珠笔,62种黑色签字笔,42种蓝色签字笔）进行扫描并分类,采用拉曼光谱阵列面扫描技术对书写笔与同一印泥和印油形成的朱墨时序样本进行检验。结果 188种书写笔被分为4大类23小类,4类书写笔与印泥或印油形成的朱墨时序样本都得到了较好的检验结果。结论在本实验条件下,书写笔油墨种类对拉曼光谱阵列面扫描检验朱墨时序的检验结果没有影响。     

法庭科学印油（泥）种类鉴别理化检验研究进展

印章印文是法庭科学领域常见的物证之一，对印油（泥）进行种类鉴别在印章印文检验中具有重要意义。本文梳理了光谱检验、色谱检验、质谱检验三种常用的鉴别方法在法庭科学印油（泥）检验上的应用及最新进展，对各种方法的优劣进行讨论，并对法庭科学印油（泥）检验目前存在的问题和未来的发展方向进行展望，以期为法庭科学文件检验工作者提供借鉴。     

静电压痕仪检验光敏印章伪造指印初探

研究利用静电压痕仪检验光敏印章伪造指印的可行性，探究光敏印章伪造指印与手指遗留指印的静电压痕检验结果差异。以同一枚指纹为模板，分别制作8种不同光敏印油的盖、捺印指印样本及8种不同印台印油的捺印样本，用静电压痕仪对遗留5 d样本的正反面进行检验，并初步考察不同遗留时间（最长30 d）对检验结果的影响。结果表明：1）光敏印油捺印样本正面经静电压痕检验后，形成的痕迹对指印纹线的表现能力强于光敏印章盖印样本，但弱于印台印油捺印样本；2）静电压痕仪检验后的部分印台印油捺印指印，形成了超出红色印油范围的黑色补充纹线；3）光敏印油盖、捺印样本经静电压痕仪检验后，印痕周围均出现光晕状痕迹；4）静电压痕仪检验后，少数光敏印章盖印指印周围出现不完整章面印痕；5）对样本背面进行静电压痕检验，光敏印油盖、捺印样本均可显现出明显指印印痕，且边缘出现明显光晕状痕迹，印台印油捺印样本背面痕迹不明显；6）样本遗留30 d时，仍然能够依据上述5条实验现象对三类样本进行区分。静电压痕检验一定程度上能作为纸张上光敏印章伪造指印的有效检验方法之一，但还需就遗留时间、印油种类、盖印/捺印力度、章体新旧程度等因素对检验结果的影响...     

双溶剂提取法判定印泥印文形成时间的初探

目的通过双溶剂提取法判定印泥印文的形成时间,为判定文件的真伪提供重要依据。方法选用6种不同品牌的印泥和4种纸张分别制作印泥印文的历时性样本,通过实验确定适用于双溶剂提取法判定印泥印文形成时间的弱提取剂和强提取剂;确定薄层扫描时狭缝的大小和扫描波长;绘制盖印时间与提取率的关系曲线。结果弱提取剂为50％的甲酸溶液,强提取剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,狭缝大小为12．00mm×0．60mm,扫描波长为485nm,得到了盖印印文形成后半年内印泥提取率随印文形成时间变化的关系曲线。结论双溶剂提取法是判定印泥印文形成时间的一种有效方法。     

印泥印文人为老化的研究

将不同种类印泥形成的印文试样分别用紫外线灯和烘箱在不同条件下进行人为老化试验,并与自然条件下的印泥印文样本比较,考查了人为老化前后印泥色料在纸张上的聚集状态、荧光、溶解能力、化学成分、灰度等变化规律,从而为此类涉及印泥印文人为老化文件的检验提供依据。     

基于积分光密度的印文墨迹历时变化初步研究

目的探讨利用积分光密度值判断印文形成时间的可行性,方法通过实验,利用Image-pro plus软件对不同时间段实验样本的印文积分光密度值数据进行采集、录入,并运用相关数据分析方法,对实验用三种品牌印油、印泥盖印印文的积分光密度值数据进行统计、分析。结果发现在1~120 d间数值下降速度较快,在120~380 d间数值减小幅度变缓,380 d后数值基本趋于稳定。结论随形成时间的延长印文的积分光密度值减小,一定时间后数值大小趋于稳定,在120 d内关联性较明显。     

拉曼光谱面扫描成像判断黑色圆珠笔交叉笔画书写先后顺序

目的建立一种灵敏、准确、无损的黑色圆珠笔交叉笔画书写顺序的检验方法。方法依据黑色圆珠笔油墨的同色异谱特征，利用显微共焦激光拉曼光谱仪进行面扫描成像分析检验。结果即使是差异很小的黑色圆珠笔油墨书写的交叉笔画，经过面扫描成像和图像处理后，也能看到先写笔道的连续性被后写笔道中断。结论拉曼光谱面扫描成像技术能有效判断黑色圆珠笔交叉笔画书写的先后顺序。     

傅立叶显微红外化学成像在朱墨时序鉴定中的应用研究

目的建立朱墨时序的傅里叶显微红外成像检验方法。方法根据印文及油墨的红外光谱特征峰,使用傅立叶变换红外（FTIR）成像系统直接对纸张上印文及文字油墨进行化学成像,根据成像特征从而判断朱墨时序。结果先打印后盖章的红外成像中油墨字迹的红外成像不完整,有被印章所覆盖的痕迹,而印章的红外成像完整,在字迹中可见印章成像斑点。先盖章后打印的红外成像中油墨字迹的红外成像完整,没有被印章所覆盖,而印章的红外成像不完整,被字迹的油墨所覆盖。结论该方法较传统的鉴定方法更加快速、简单,可以更加直观的反映行文顺序,并且具有不破坏检验样本的特点。     

印文、手印与复印墨痕形成顺序的实验研究

通过实验与检案相结合,提出了解决复印套印法变造文书所涉及的变造事实的确定、复印变造内容与印泥、印油印文、手印形成的先后顺序等问题的方法.     

印油印迹中色料成分的UHPLC方法研究

目的对红色印油印迹色料成分进行分析,研究确定印油印迹的种类区分方法,为侦查破案提供依据。方法采用超高效液相色谱法分析,以保留时间为主进行定性,对35种不同品牌的印油产品中色料成分进行区分。结果将印油印迹分为普通印油（印泥、原子印油等）、水性印油及光敏印油三类,建立了统一的UHPLC分析方法,其种类区分率达85%以上。结论通过印油印迹成分研究,最终区分印油印迹种类,可满足实际案件中对不同类型印油的鉴别区分。     

拉曼光谱法鉴别常见炸药

目的建立一种识别炸药的方法。方法使用激光显微拉曼光谱法对17种常见炸药粉末进行了分析。结果17种常见炸药均有丰富的拉曼位移峰,可以通过其位移峰峰位的不同区分不同成分的炸药。结论拉曼光谱法适用于快速准确地识别炸药。     

用拉曼光谱检验黑火药

目的 建立黑火药成分定性的方法.方法 利用拉曼光谱仪对黑火药进行检验.结果 黑火药中的3种主要成分硝酸钾、硫磺、碳均能被准确检出;结论 拉曼光谱能很好地对黑火药进行定性分析.     

Preliminary Study on Determining the Sequence of Intersecting Lines by Fluorescence Technique

The determination of the sequence of intersecting lines is an important part of questioned document examinations. A fluorescence technique was used to determine the sequence of heterogeneous intersecting lines produced using inkpad ink, stamp‐pad ink, ballpoint pens, gel pens, fountain pens, colorants of carbon paper, photocopiers, laser printers, and inkjet printers. A SteREO Discovery.V20 equipped with the ZEN Blue Lite software was chosen to perform the tests.As the results obtained from the study were positive under most conditions, the fluorescence technique was found to be very successful in determining the sequence of intersecting lines from ballpoint pen, gel pen, fountain pen, photocopier, laser and inkjet printers, and inkpad inks. The method was also successful in determining the sequence of intersecting lines from ballpoint pen, photocopier, laser printer, and stamp‐pad inks under most conditions. The technique was not successful in determining the order of crossing lines blending together.     

Dating of Inkpad Seals Using the Extraction Rate Method: Preliminary Findings

Inkpad seals are often placed on important documents, and determining the date when a seal was affixed can be important to assess the authenticity of a document. In this study, three different brands of inkpads and four different types of paper were used to make diachronic samples of the seals. A double‐solvent extraction method was employed to date the inkpad seals by comparing extraction rates with inks of known age. Cyclohexane was selected as a weak solvent, and chlorobenzene was selected as a strong solvent. After testing, curves were created to show the relationship between the extraction percentage of ink and the date of the seals. The experimental results showed that the extraction rate method was applicable for the relative dating of inkpad seals in some cases where the seal was placed on the document within 6 months.     

An Examination of the Sequence of Intersecting Lines using Microspectrophotometry

The potential of microspectrophotometry as a technique to determine the sequence of intersecting lines was examined. The technique was used to determine the sequence of heterogeneous line intersections produced using inkpad, stamp‐pad ink and ballpoint pens, gel pens, fountain pens, laser and ink‐jet printers. The study was carried out with an assumption that the peak characteristics of spectra from the point of intersection should correspond to the peak characteristics of pure ink which was executed later. According to spectral reflectance curves, microspectrophotometry was possible to determine whether the ink was above or below the inkpad/stamp‐pad ink seals. In blind testing, microspectrophotometry technique results were directly compared to those obtained by five experienced forensic document examiners using optical microscopy regularly employed in casework. As the results obtained from the study were positive, microspectrophotometry technique was found to be very successful in determining the sequence of heterogeneous line intersections under some conditions.     

文件上有色指印非纹线特征的应用研究

为了充分地发掘模糊指印形态特征在司法实践中的可用性和实用性,我们利用文件上有色指印的阶段性痕迹--墨迹边缘状态、积墨形态分布“、空白”形态分布及其相互位置关系等非纹线特征,分析研究了不同捺印人以油墨为介质连续捺印的样本指印50组共200枚,结果发现使用非纹线特征能够准确地分辨出同一手指连续捺印的同组指印。本文还对应用指印非纹线特征的各项技术要点进行了讨论,并且列举了该方法用于鉴定实践的三个成功案例。指印非纹线特征的应用不仅改变了对模糊指印只能出“具不具备鉴定条件”的结论模式,而且使适合使用该方法的被检指印形成相对时间的难题得到解决。     

An Examination of the Sequence of Intersecting Seal and Laser Printing Toner Line

Examining the sequence of intersecting seal and laser printing line is a significant method of determining the authenticity and validity of documents. In this study, five brands of stamp pad inks, three types of inkpads and seven kinds of laser printers were used to make heterogeneous line intersections. Observation method of physical characteristics, scraping technique and fluorescence method was used to determine the sequence of intersecting lines. Distinguishing features were noted between the materials produced in both sequences. As the results obtained from the study were positive, these features might provide a scientific basis for accurately determining the sequence between laser printing line and inkpad (stamp pad ink) seal.     

Self-interest,distributive justice,and the income distribution: A theoretical fragment based on St. Anselm's postulate

The Mertonian starting idea for this paper is St. Anselm's idea that the will has two inclinations: an affection for what is to the person's own advantage and an affection for justice. We show that in decision-making situations, where the individual must choose a course of action from among a set of alternatives, the individual, subject to the two inclinations and thus guided by the twin considerations of own good and the common good as he/she forms the preference orderings for the alternatives, is in one of three states: (i) the state of Harmony, defined by perfect coincidence of the orderings induced by the two criteria; (ii) the state of Conflict, defined by perfect reversal of the orderings; and (iii) the state of Ambiguity, defined by ordering-pairs which are neither identical nor exactly opposite. The most general result states that if the number of alternatives is two, then the individual is in either Harmony or Conflict; if, however, the number of alternatives exceeds two, then Ambiguity is also a possible outcome. We then apply the framework to the case of choosing an income distribution, letting the own-good and common-good criteria dictate orderings based on personal outcomes (such as own income or own income rank) and social outcomes (such as mean income or income inequality), respectively, and examining the relation between the two orderings in five families of probability distributions. In the special case where own good is an increasing function of own income and the common good is a decreasing function of income inequality, our results show that each society has a group in Harmony (the poorest group) and one additional group, either in Conflict or in Ambiguity. Finally, we speculate about the behavioral and social implications of the three states and their configurations in the population.