欧洲协作对国际组织形成与发展的影响

欧洲协作对国际组织形成与发展的影响杨泽伟国际组织的产生经历了一个历史过程，它同人类社会的发展密切相关，它的成长以国际关系的演变为基础，是国际政治经济发展到一定阶段的产物。拿破仑战争结束之后。在欧洲出现了一个“欧洲协作”时期（亦称欧洲协调，ｔｈｅＣｏｎ...     

欧洲阶段PCT申请程序的最新调整与适用

欧洲专利局(EPO)于2014年11月1日起对进入欧洲阶段的PCT申请实行新的检索程序,从而使这些申请享受与普通欧洲专利申请同等的检索服务:(1)在国际阶段未选择EPO作为国际检索单位(ISA)的情况下,在欧洲阶段未被ISA检索的权利要求可在不提出分案申请的情况下享受EPO的检索服务;(2)在国际阶段选择EPO作为ISA的情况下,在欧洲阶段未被ISA检索的权利要求仍有机会享受EPO的检索服务。     

1992年“欧洲统一大市场”的税收协调的展望与对策

“欧洲统一大市场” (亦称“欧洲单一大市场”)是欧共体范围内的未来内部市场,是30多年来欧共体经济一体化的结晶和发展。经过几年的准备,现已进入最后的实施准备阶段。举世瞩目的1992年欧洲统一大市场即将到来,政治家、企业家、银行家和学者们无不密切注视着欧洲统一大市场在本世纪末至下世纪初在国际经济和政治中的地位和作用。“欧洲统一大市场”已经成为今天国际社会的一个热门话题。     

元朝火炮征服欧洲

第二次世界大战时期，炮兵被誉为战争之神：拿破仑曾以炮兵纵横欧洲．称霸世界。然而，炮兵的祖先原来是诞生在中国。     

欧洲合同法原则

中译本前言迄今只有英文本和法文本公诸于世的１９９９年版《欧洲合同法原则》，此次其中译本的发表使１２亿５千万之众得以目睹该《原则》。韩世远先生对该《原则》的翻译及译文的发表，对于欧洲合同法委员会的诸位成员而言，是一个非常的荣誉，是一件非常快慰人心的事情...     

简论欧洲中世纪世俗文学的非古典化

欧洲中古时期的世俗文学,是在欧洲封建国家制度形成、发展的历史进程中产生和发展起来的,它深刻地反映了广大人民群众共同的理想和愿望以及他们自身的现实生活,强烈地表达了社会下层人民对文学艺术的自然要求,成为中世纪文学不可分割的一部分。在探讨中世纪世俗文学的创作时,我们不难发现这样一个现象,世俗文学的作品在形式、题材、风格上都和古典罗马文学迥然不同。这是一个很值得注意的问题,从中可以找到     

欧洲法庭科学研究网简介

欧洲法庭科学研究网工作组(The European:Network of Foren—sic Science Institutes)简称ENFSI,于1995年10月在荷兰正式成立,成立大会上选举产生了第一届委员会。斯普兰格斯先生为主席,汤普森先生为侯补主席。还确定并启用ENFSI的徽标,即在它的网页上的欧洲之眼。会上讨论了法庭科学的研究和发展问题。与会成员签署了欧洲法庭科学研究网工作理解备忘录。 ENFSI成立后,定期举办会议,讨论形成了工作组和委员会的工作框架。其组织构架为欧洲法庭科学研究网实验室主任领导下的ENFSI委员会。它下辖三个常务委员会:     

欧洲同性恋立法动态的比较考察

同性恋在中国存之已久 ,但同性恋者几乎完全没有余地来名正言顺地谈论他们的社会境遇和法律保障。然而人类社会的共性决定了中国迟早也要面对这样的问题。今天在欧洲发生的 ,明天或后天必然也要在中国发生。所以 ,知其于未然之时乃是学者与立法者的明智态度。     

欧洲社会的历史变革——对欧洲一体化可行性的思考

欧洲一体化在其进程中遇到了很多挫折,很多人对其实施的可行性表示怀疑.但从欧洲社会的历史变革中,我们找到了一些促进一体化的共同因素.欧洲社会的各个时期,经济的发展使得欧洲大陆的各民族打破界限团结在一起,这样也增进了大欧洲的集体认同.而集体认同是欧洲一体化的潜在动力.所以欧洲一体化是有其可行性的.     

欧洲民法典草案债务人补救权研究

合同各方当事人均应严格按合同及法律之规定履行各自义务。一旦债务人未能按合同及法律规定履行义务的,债权人有权追究债务人之违约责任。然而基于诚实信用原则、鼓励交易与合同维持精神等,欧洲民法典草案赋予债务人在履行不符时补救其履行之权利。但基于债务人与债权人利益之平衡,欧洲民法典草案同时为债务人之补救权设定了一定条件。欧洲民法典草案的这些规定对于我国民法典债务人补救权制度的起草具有重要借鉴意义。     

Anti-Discrimination Law and the European Union

Netherlands International Law Review -     

Law and economics of the European multilingualism

The economics of language applied to multilingualism in the European Union (EU) has only recently come to the fore. Languages economics and Law and Economics disciplines both emerged in the 1960s. However, no study has, hitherto, linked these disciplines. This paper intends to fill that void. Language barriers are the last major remaining barriers for the EU??s ??single?? market. The lack of coordination of multilingualism in the EU stems from a taboo crystallized by a dilemma between economic efficiency and linguistic diversity??i.e., the maximization of wealth versus the maximization of utility. The EU Member States (MSs) do not hasten to coordinate their language policies at the EU level inasmuch as they overestimate the benefits of the current EU multilingualism while drastically underestimating its costs. Coordination shall occur when MSs evaluate the costs and benefits of the current EU multilingualism. This will uncover the aforementioned dilemma, that will only be resolved when both Law and Economics are applied. In pursuing this objective a ??Linguistic Coase Theorem?? adapted from the work of Parisi and the Nobel Prize winner, Ronald Coase is elaborated. Having outlined the basic notions deriving from the EU Law of Languages and the Economics of Languages (Introduction), the paper scrutinizes the costs and benefits incurred by the current non-coordinated EU multilingualism (Part I). Subsequently, a ??Linguistic Coase Theorem?? is elaborated in order to reach a Pareto-optimal outcome, thereby solving the dilemma??both economic efficiency and the linguistic diversity being enhanced (Part II).     

The Telecommunications Law of the European Union

Abstract: This article is intended to give an overview of the law as it stands on telecommunications at the Community level. Over the past ten years the telecommunications law and policy of the European Community have developed rapidly along the twin axes of liberalisation (deregulation) and harmonisation (reregulation). The innovative use of Article 90 EEC has been central to liberalisation, while most harmonisation legislation has been based on open network provision (ONP) passed under Article 100a. The article concludes that, now the national monopolies have been largely dismantled, new issues will arise in the competitive market.     

The Heteronyms of European Law

Book reviewed in this essay:
Phelan, D. Rossa, Revolt or Revolution: The Constitutional Boundaries of the European Community     

Jurisprudential Dilemmas of European Law

Making a first sketch of philosophical issues arising fromEuropean Community law I want to present a series ofmore or less obvious, and more or less interrelated dilemmas,or even double binds.(i) Deepening the community becomes incompatible withwidening membership. (ii) National states seem bothnecessary for and obstructive in articulating transnationalproblems. (iii) The more democracy is needed as a warrantfor the public exercise of political power in Europe, themore the very concept of democracy on a European scaleevades understanding. (iv) European unity presupposes aunifying rule of law, while member states have radicallydifferent conceptions of this principle. (v) Even the verycore of European integration, the common market, is subjectto two conflicting and, indeed, incompatible doctrines ofcompetition. In explaining the nature of each dilemma I willtry to take my cue from the Maastricht Treaty wherever thisseems suitable. Then I will elaborate on the jurisprudentialproblems involved in it. Finally, each section will be closedby an attempt to state the nature of these problems inphilosophical terms.     

欧洲侵权法基本原则

第1篇基本规范第1章基本规范第1:101条基本规范(1)给他人造成的损害由法律上被归责者负赔偿该损害之责任。(2)损害特别是可以被归责于以下人:a)其构成过错的行为引起损害者;b)或者从事异常危险活动的行为引起损害者;c)或者其附属者在其职责范围内引起损害者。第2篇一般责任要件第2章损害第2:101条可回复的损害损害必须是对受保护的法律上利益的物质上或非物质上的侵害。第2:102条受保护的利益(1)受保护利益的范围取决于该利益的性质;利益价值越高,定义越精确,越显而易见,保护范围就越广泛。(2)生命、身体或精神上的完整性,人的尊严和人身自…     

The Collective Labour Law of the European Union

Abstract: The collective labour law of the European Union is embedded in a variety of legal measures incorporating principles of collective labour law reflecting national experience. The dynamic of its development has been the spill-over effect of these principles, through their translation into the status of EU law, and their development by decisions of the European Court of Justice. The article outlines a framework of principles which, it is argued, are currently embodied in the collective labour law of the EU. They include collectively bargained labour standards, workers' collective representation, workers' participation, and protection of strikers against dismissal. In addition, there is a parallel principle of collective solidarity emerging in the social security law of the EU. The principle of collective negotiation of labour law introduced by the Protocol and Agreement on Social Policy may be seen as the founding constitutional basis for the collective labour law of the European Union.