探析高分辨率指纹特定条件下三级特征的稳定性

目的探索油墨捺印指纹显现三级特征稳定性的影响因素,排除主观条件的影响。方法在最适宜的条件下,通过油墨捺印采集不同压力下的指纹样本,清晰地显出指纹三级特征,用高分辨率扫描仪扫描试验样本,保存指纹样本,最后分析了指纹汗孔、细点线、纹线形态、皱纹等三级特征的反映性及稳定性,确定其鉴定价值。结果油墨捺印法对三级特征的反映性不够理想,汗孔、纹线形态特征、细点线特征及皱纹在不同压力下的稳定性较差。其中,各个三级特征在轻压下的反映性及稳定性较为接近实际,捺印的压力越大则三级特征变形越大,甚至完全变形成为另外一种特征。结论所以如果将此法应用于指纹比对时,仍需进一步的研究与改进。     

“Sex change” in skeletal remains: Assessing how heat-induced changes interfere with sex estimation

The true impact of heat-induced changes in human bone regarding their sex estimation has not been comprehensively documented having a potentially negative impact on forensic anthropology. The objective of this paper was to evaluate how heat exposure affects sex estimation based on both morphological and metric features. The study focused in both low-to-medium intensity burns and high intensity burns. Selected sexually dimorphic features were analysed in 51 experimentally burnt skeletons from the 21st Century Identified Skeletal Collection. Bones were burnt to maximum temperatures between 450 °C and 1050 °C achieved after 75 to 257 min. Morphological methods tested in this study comprised the recommendations for hipbone features from Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994) and from Bruzek (2002). On the other hand, metric references tested here were the ones from Wasterlain (2000), Curate et al. (2016) and Gonçalves et al. (2013) focused on the humerus, femur, calcaneus and talus. Agreement was tested with Gwet’s AC1 test and was further assessed by calculating the relative amount of perfect agreements. Results demonstrated that heat-induced changes affected not only the scoring of morphological features burnt at high temperatures but also the scoring of features burnt at lower intensities. On the other hand, metric features were only considerably affected in high intensity burns, no major changes being documented for low-to-medium intensity burns. For low-to-medium intensity burns, the Bruzek and Curate et al. methods revealed a better agreement between the pre- and post-burning scores. For high intensity burns, better agreement was obtained by using the Bruzek (2002) and Gonçalves et al. (2013) methods. As expected, heat-induced warping, fracture and metric change had a major impact on the pre- and post-observations’ agreement. Contrary to what has been systematically assumed over the years, this impact is also quite substantial in bones burnt at low-to-medium burn intensities so caution is advised during the analysis of this kind of burnt skeletal material.     

Forged seal detection based on the seal overlay metric

This paper describes a method for verifying the authenticity of a seal impression imprinted on a document based on the seal overlay metric, which refers to the ratio of an effective seal impression pattern and the noise in the neighborhood of the reference impression region. A reference seal pattern is obtained by taking the average of a number of high-quality impressions of a genuine seal. A target seal impression to be examined, often on paper with some background texts and lines, is segmented out from the background by an adaptive threshold applied to the histogram of color components. The segmented target seal impression is then spatially aligned with the reference by maximizing the count of matching pixels. Then the seal overlay metric is computed for the reference and the target. If the overlay metric of a target seal is below a predetermined limit for the similarity to the genuine, then the target is classified as a forged seal. To further reduce the misclassification rate, the seal overlay metric is adjusted by the filling rate, which reflects the quality of inked pattern of the target seal. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method can detect elaborate seal impressions created by advanced forgery techniques such as lithography and computer-aided manufacturing.     

A Case of Contested Cremains Analyzed Through Metric and Chemical Comparison

Since the 1980s, cremation has become the fastest growing area of the U.S. funeral industry. At the same time, the number of litigations against funeral homes and cremation facilities has increased. Forensic anthropologists are often asked to determine whether the contents of an urn are actually cremated bone, and to address questions regarding the identity of the remains. This study uses both metric and chemical analyses for resolving a case of contested cremains. A cremains weight of 2021.8 g was predicted based on the decedent's reported stature and weight. However, the urn contents weighed 4173.5 g. The urn contents also contained material inconsistent with cremains (e.g., moist sediment, stones, ferrous metal). Analysis using XRD and SEM demonstrated that the urn contained thermally altered bone as well as inorganic material consistent with glass fiber cement. Although forensically challenging, cremains cases such as this one can be resolved using a multidisciplinary approach.     

Palate Shape and Depth: A Shape‐Matching and Machine Learning Method for Estimating Ancestry from Human Skeletal Remains

In the past, assessing ancestry relied on the naked eye and observer experience; however, replicability has become an important aspect of such analysis through the application of metric techniques. This study examines palate shape and assesses ancestry quantitatively using a 3D digitizer and shape‐matching and machine learning methods. Palate curves and depths were recorded, processed, and tested for 376 individuals. Palate shape was an accurate indicator of ancestry in 58% of cases. Cluster analysis revealed that the parabolic, hyperbolic, and elliptical shapes are discrete from one another. Preliminary results indicate that palate depth in Hispanic individuals is greatest. Palate shape appears to be a useful indicator of ancestry, particularly when assessed by a computer. However, these data suggest that palate shape is not useful for assessing ancestry in Hispanic individuals. Although ancestry may be determined from palate shape, the use of multiple features is recommended and more reliable.     

A report of an international collaborative experiment to demonstrate the uniformity obtainable using DNA profiling techniques.

This paper describes a collaborative exercise intended to demonstrate whether uniformity of DNA profile results could be achieved between different European laboratories. It was shown that this goal can be obtained provided that a common protocol is followed (specifically the use of a common electrophoretic buffer as being the most important parameter). Generally, lower molecular weight loci (with lower molecular weight fragments) such as YNH24 perform better than higher molecular weight loci such as MS43a. The results of the exercise are discussed in relation to the objectives of the European DNA profiling group (EDNAP).     

Blind Image Steganalysis of JPEG images using feature extraction through the process of dilation

The detection of stego images, used as a carrier for secret messages for nefarious activities, forms the basis for Blind Image Steganalysis. The main issue in Blind Steganalysis is the non-availability of knowledge about the Steganographic technique applied to the image. Feature extraction approaches best suited for Blind Steganalysis, either dealt with only a few features or single domain of an image. Moreover, these approaches lead to low detection percentage. The main objective of this paper is to improve the detection percentage. In this paper, the focus is on Blind Steganalysis of JPEG images through the process of dilation that includes splitting of given image into RGB components followed by transformation of each component into three domains, viz., frequency, spatial, and wavelet. Extracted features from each domain are given to the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier that classified the image as steg or clean. The proposed process of dilation was tested by experiments with varying embedded text sizes and varying number of extracted features on the trained SVM classifier. Overall Success Rate (OSR) was chosen as the performance metric of the proposed solution and is found to be effective, compared with existing solutions, in detecting higher percentage of steg images.     

Quantitative criminology in The Netherlands

This article briefly describes quantitative criminology in The Netherlands since the seventies. Dutch quantitative criminologists have been active in most fields of the discipline of criminology: research has been done on the etiology of crime and, in relation to this, the self-report methodology. A number of victimization surveys have been executed, and in relation to this, attention was given to fear of crime, victims in the judicial system, and situational approaches to crime. There has been research on policy evaluation, sentencing, and differential treatment in the criminal justice system, and alternative sanctions. Recently three major international studies have been coordinated by Dutch criminologists: an international self-report study, an international victim survey of households, and an international survey of victimization among businesses. In this article we describe the first two studies and briefly compare some of their features. Overall, it appears that Dutch quantitative criminology is embedded in the international mainstream of criminology and, in general, has been strongly related to policy concerns.     

The Moving Home Effect: A Quasi Experiment Assessing Effect of Home Location on the Offence Location

Objectives

This study aims to test whether the home location has a causal effect on the crime location. To accomplish this the study capitalizes on the natural experiment that occurs when offender??s move, and uses a unique metric, the distance between sequential offenses, to determine if when an offender moves the offense location changes.

Methods

Using a sample of over 40,000 custodial arrests from Syracuse, NY between 2003 and 2008, this quasi-experimental design uses t test??s of mean differences, and fixed effects regression modeling to determine if moving has a significant effect on the distance between sequential offenses.

Results

This study finds that when offenders move they tend to commit crimes in locations farther away from past offences than would be expected without moving. The effect is rather small though, both in absolute terms (an elasticity coefficient of 0.02), and in relation to the effect of other independent variables (such as the time in between offenses).

Conclusions

This finding suggests that the home has an impact on where an offender will choose to commit a crime, independent of offence, neighborhood, or offender characteristics. The effect is small though, suggesting other factors may play a larger role in influencing where offenders choose to commit crime.     

The roughness of the supranasal region--a morphological sex trait

The supranasal region often attracts attention by a remarkable rough and jagged quality of the bony surface caused by an irregular supranasal suture and additional holes and pores. Some authors point out that there is a positive relation between the supranasal suture, the superciliar arches, and the forehead contour. For this a relation to sex is conceivable. This present study was done to prove the value of this morphological trait for sexing skulls.A total of 80 human skulls of known sex (40 females, 40 males) were collected from autopsy material used in anatomy teaching classes and from forensic cases. The mean age of the female sample was 70.98 years (minimum 38, maximum 93), that of the male sample was 74.10 years (minimum 57, maximum 99). To quantify the roughness of the supranasal region the calculation of the box-counting dimension was used. The results were normally distributed in both, the male and female group. The male dimension values were well grouped (maximum 1.51111, minimum 0.98765, mean 1.26159, S.D. 0.12268, 95% CI 1.22236-1.26604) whereas the female showed a wide range (maximum 1.46744, minimum 0.44755, mean 1.15052, S.D. 0.21388, 95% CI 1.08212-1.21892), widely overlapping the male range. Statistical analysis showed that there was a less than 1% probability that the female box-counting dimension was lower than the male by chance (P-value 0.00593). For this results the admission of the trait 'quality of the supranasal region' into a catalogue of features regarding morphognostic sex determination following the scheme: hyperfemininity: very smooth and regular--femininity: more smooth and regular--indifferent--masculinity: more rough and irregular--hypermasculinity: very rough and irregular, seems to be justified.     

社会转型中高校与学生的行政关系

我国经济体制与社会管理体制影响了高校与学生关系的性质及表现。计划经济体制下,国家实行高度集中的行政化社会管理体制,高校与学生的关系是在国家行政权作用下的行政关系。市场经济体制下,社会组织主体地位得到确立,高校与学生的关系是建立在行政分权基础上的行政关系,其特征及外在表现应符合现代行政的要求。高校与学生的行政关系应是大陆法系国家的特别权力关系理论最终发展方向。     

A review on feature selection in mobile malware detection

The widespread use of mobile devices in comparison to personal computers has led to a new era of information exchange. The purchase trends of personal computers have started decreasing whereas the shipment of mobile devices is increasing. In addition, the increasing power of mobile devices along with portability characteristics has attracted the attention of users. Not only are such devices popular among users, but they are favorite targets of attackers. The number of mobile malware is rapidly on the rise with malicious activities, such as stealing users data, sending premium messages and making phone call to premium numbers that users have no knowledge. Numerous studies have developed methods to thwart such attacks. In order to develop an effective detection system, we have to select a subset of features from hundreds of available features. In this paper, we studied 100 research works published between 2010 and 2014 with the perspective of feature selection in mobile malware detection. We categorize available features into four groups, namely, static features, dynamic features, hybrid features and applications metadata. Additionally, we discuss datasets used in the recent research studies as well as analyzing evaluation measures utilized.     

潜在的冲突与对立:诉讼费用制度与周边制度关系考

诉讼费用制度是近年来我国法学理论界与实务界关注的一个热点问题,作者通过诉讼费用制度与法院财政保障体制以及诉权保障的关系考察,深入剖析了我国现行诉讼费用制度与周边制度的潜在冲突与对立,进而认为我国诉讼费用制度的改革只有在协调好与周边制度关系的基础上,以发挥司法功能与保障诉权的充分行使为根本指导理念,其功能才能得以充分发挥。     

Forensic and medical aspects of lethality from thromboembolytic complications of trauma,diseases and certain pathological conditions

A total of 743 lethal outcomes of thromboembolytic complications of trauma, diseases and certain pathological conditions as observed in 1999-2001 and in the three quarters of 2002 were studied. The undertaken analysis confirmed two factors provoking the pathological thrombosis, i.e. 1. Pathological changes observed in the surface vascular wall preconditioned by mechanical damages, atherosclerotic process and aging; and 2. A slower blood flow due to an impaired blood circulation, a forced positioning and to hypodynamics. While deciding on a possibility of a direct cause-effect relation between past traumas, surgeries, poisonings and death of thromboembolism of the pulmonary arteries (TEPA), such relation can be mentioned only on rare occasions. It is more often the case that an indirect, mediated relationship is found, when TERA evolves due to an unfavorable combination of risk factors, i.e. a forced immobility, changing coagulated blood system, impaired blood vessels etc.     

公企业法基础理论探讨

公企业具有非营利性、一定地域的垄断性、政府与社会的干预性和商品与服务的社会公共性四个本质属性,这是它与私企业的根本区别。针对公企业的特征,建立有别于传统私企业的内部组织体制和外部干预法律制度,是建设具有中国特色的社会主义市场经济体制和法律体系的需要和必由之路。     

Solving Double‐Sided Puzzles: Automated Assembly of Torn‐up Banknotes Evidence

Reconstruction of 2D object is a problem concerning many different fields such as forensics science, archiving, and banking. In the literature, it is considered as one‐sided puzzle problem. But this study handles torn banknotes as a double‐sided puzzle problem for the first time. In addition to that, a new dataset (ToB) is created for solving this problem. A selection approach based on the Borda count method is adopted in order to make the right decision as to which keypoint‐based method is to be used in the proposed reconstruction system. The selection approach was determined the Accelerated‐KAZE (AKAZE) as the most successful keypoint‐based method. This study also proposes new measures determining the success ratio of the reconstructed banknotes and calculating their loss ratio. When the torn banknotes were reconstructed with the AKAZE‐based reconstruction system, the average success rate was calculated as 95.55% by the proposed metric.     

通过合法性的正当性——实证主义法学的正当性思想研究

现代性下事实与价值二分的法律实证主义割裂了法律与道德的关系,古代的正当性被转化为合法性:一个行动或公权力,只要是符合实在法的,即可称为正当。通过合法性的正当性要想成立,还必须解决法律自身的有效性问题,这样才能彻底摆脱道德的证成。以纯粹法学为代表的法律实证主义通过法律体系内的效力授权链回答了这个问题,从而完成了通过合法性的正当性的整个拼图。但是,割裂了法律与道德之间的联系,通过合法性的正当性又面临着新的正当性危机。     

Study of poroscopy among South Indian population

Poroscopy is the term applied to a specialized study of pore structure found on papillary ridges of skin as a means of identification. It comes under level 3 detail of identification and hence is more reliable and accurate. The goal of this study is to estimate the importance of poroscopy for identification of individuals and to determine the gender based on frequency, type, and shape of pores. Left plain thumb prints of 200 individuals (100 men and 100 women) aged between 18 and 60 belonging to South Indian population were observed. The results have shown that women tend to have a significantly higher frequency of pores than men. Number of pores ≤ 8 pores/25 mm(2) is more likely to be of male origin and ≥9 pores/25 mm(2) is more likely to be of female origin. There was no significant sex difference based on type and shape of pores.     

论限制债务人高消费的法理基础及其制度完善

限制债务人高消费的实质是限制债务人的财产处分权，体现了“债务人所有的财产是全体债权人所有债权的总担保”的民法原则的要求，符合民事执行的权力性、强制性、执行标的所有权权能与所有权的分离性等程序法理，是防止债务人财产不当减少、维护国家法律制度权威性以及养成社会诚信意识的必然要求。为了充分发挥限制高消费制度的应有功能，确保其实践适应性，应当将限制债务人高消费普适化并构建完善的、可操作的监管机制和制裁机制，注意原则性与灵活性相结合，形成完善的限制债务人高消费制度。