论我国构建绿色壁垒的必要性及法律对策

绿色壁垒实质上是政府保护本国生态环境和市场发展的政策工具。面对经济全球化的挑战 ,我国政府应借鉴国外绿色壁垒的经验 ,在WTO框架内建立和完善应对发达国家转嫁污染、进口产品冲击国内市场的绿色壁垒法律体系。     

论WTO中的绿色壁垒

绿色壁垒是继许可证、赔额等之后出现的新兴的阻碍国际贸易的非关税措施 ,目前有迅猛的发展势头 ,并具有新的特点。在WTO法律框架之下 ,绿色壁垒有其产生的法律原因。同时 ,绿色壁垒也对WTO法律框架下的基本原则、概念、规则提出挑战。作为WTO的成员国 ,我国应采取积极应对措施 ,一方面消除国外绿色壁垒对我国对外贸易的抵制 ,另一方面 ,利用绿色手段保护我国的绿色环境。     

我国反不正当竞争法与WTO规则的协调

WTO竞争规则首先要求各成员国应对本国厂商在本国市场的反竞争行为给予有效规制，以保证国内市场开放。而反不正当竞争法主要是在竞争比较充分的条件下规制以不正当手段进行过火的竞争行为，由于我国没有反垄断法，因此竞争行为主要由反不正当竞争法规制。由于这部法律的制定借鉴了发达国家的许多做法，总体上说符合WTO的要求，但还有许多需要比照WTO规则进行修订和补充的地方?     

绿色壁垒之法律透析

自20世纪70年代末80年代初欧洲率先掀起绿色环保运动以来,相关的绿色环保法规、绿色产品认证制度及标志、绿色包装要求等相继在整个发达国家蔓延,且标准和要求日益提升。实践表明,绿色壁垒已逐步成为继反倾销之后影响国际贸易的另一主要障碍,并呈现出进一步增强的趋势。深入系统地剖析绿色壁垒的成因、特点及现状,对于我国突破这一市场准入门槛,规范和促进本国对外贸易的良性发展具有十分重要的现实意义。     

绿色贸易壁垒的法律分析及应对策略

环境保护是WTO所关注的焦点问题之一。随着关税的降低以及传统的非关税壁垒的取消,一些发达国家利用WTO环境议题的漏洞,将贸易与环境两个问题联系在一起,在国际贸易中大肆推行绿色壁垒这种新的贸易保护主义。文章分析了WTO语境中绿色壁垒的形成原因及其表现形式,从法律的角度提出了我国应对发达国家绿色壁垒的对策。     

我国银行管理法规在 WTO下的应变

对我国的银行业来讲,加入WTO可谓是喜忧参半.因为入世不仅意味着可以引进国际上的先进管理经验和管理模式,更好地介入国际市场,也意味着中国必须承担开放银行服务业市场等诸多WTO义务,这将是对我国银行业的严峻挑战,同时也是对我国银行管理法律体系的应变能力的巨大考验.如何解决履行国际义务和保护本国银行服务业之间的矛盾,如何利用WTO规则保护我国银行业都是我们值得深入研究的问题.     

论中国环境标志法律制度的建立和完善

在世界贸易中,环境标志的实施有利于产品的销售,也有成为发达国家新的贸易壁垒的趋势,利用环境标志设置绿色壁垒已成为不可回避的环境标志制度问题,特别是WTO关于环境标志议题达成的共识对协调国际贸易的自由化和可持续发展具有重要意义,因此,本文旨在探讨中国环境保护政策为中国产品顺利进入国际市场方面的基础作用,并系统分析了WTO环境标志议题对中国的影响和面临的新的机遇及挑战,提出了充分利用WTO现行规制以完善中国环境标志制度、积极开展环境标志的国际合作和国际互认的法律措施以及促进贸易与环境协调发展的对策。     

绿色壁垒与WTO多边贸易规则

绿色壁垒,是以保护自然资源、生态环境和人类健康为名,通过制定一系列复杂苛刻的环保标准,对来自其他国家的产品及服务设置障碍,以保护本国产业的一种新型的非关税壁垒。绿色壁垒是新贸易保护主义和环保运动结合的产物,其形成有深刻的历史背景和现实     

议会参与WTO事务问题初探

WTO直接影响到世界上大多数国家及各国人民的生活,这要求增强其透明度和民主,加大议会对WTO事务的参与和监督.对WTO的议会监督传统上指国内议会的监督,用以审查在WTO的谈判和承诺是否符合本国的利益和法律.此外还存在从国际层面通过国际议员会议对WTO事务展开监督和施加影响的第二种方式.有观点认为现有的这两种方式不足以对WTO展开有效的监督,需要在WTO框架内建立起多边议会监督机制.是否建立以及建立什么样的WTO议会机制,其根本判断价值和标准应该是能增强发展中国家对WTO事务和决策的参与,而不应该加剧不平衡,进一步向发达国家倾斜.在WTO框架下的多边议会监督机制的讨论刚刚开始,主要是组织形式和程序方面的问题,包括议会是否应是咨询性的,主要进行信息公布和交换,与国内议会的关系,与WTO秘书处的关系等观点和问题.在议会的监督作用等问题上已有共识.     

WTO规则框架下的我国农业补贴法律制度建设

WTO规则框架下的农业补贴,是一国政府为了鼓励出口、平衡贸易、增强本国农产品的国际竞争力、保护本国农业和农民利益,通过国内支持和出口补贴等非关税措施,对农业生产、农产品流通和贸易所进行的转移支付和综合支持。在此背景下应进一步加强我国农业补贴法律制度建设。     

“环境贸易壁垒”及其法律对策研究

加入WTO后 ,面对各国以保护环境为名而采取的各种贸易限制措施即所谓的“环境贸易壁垒” ,我国政府应坚持“共同但有区别的责任”原则 ,实行先进的环境制度 ,采取积极措施应对 ,有力抵制违反WTO规则的各种以环境保护为由的贸易保护行为     

从贸易与环境视角辨析碳关税的合法性

随着联合国哥本哈根气候变化会议落下帷幕,＂碳关税＂这一具有时代色彩的非传统绿色贸易壁垒成为国际社会关注的热点。虽然碳关税的产生和存在具有一定的法律依据,但这并不能掩盖碳关税的本质———新保护主义。本文通过权衡贸易自由和环境保护之利弊,探析了碳关税的合法性,并针对发达国家征收碳关税的措施,提出发展中国家应采取的应对措施。     

Giving Legal Effect to the Results of WTO Trade Negotiations: An Analysis of the Methods of Changing WTO Law

Trade negotiations conducted in the World Trade Organization(WTO) offer the significant benefit that their results can bemade legally binding and enforceable through an effective disputesettlement system. If negotiators wish to avail of this benefit,they must follow the correct procedures to give legal effectto their work. This article critically evaluates the main methodsof converting the results of WTO trade negotiations, with aparticular focus on the ongoing Doha Round, into WTO law. Itdemonstrates that amendments to the WTO agreements are procedurallycumbersome and have significant limitations. The article thereforeanalyses several alternative methods including modificationsto schedules, decisions of the Ministerial Conference (suchas waivers, authoritative interpretations, and Other Decisions),and the incorporation of new agreements into WTO law (whethermultilateral, plurilateral, or reference rules accepted throughschedules). The choice between these various methods is complicatedas each has advantages and disadvantages. By comparing and evaluatingthe available options, this article aims to assist negotiatorsand lawyers in making that difficult choice.     

世界贸易组织补贴规则研究

世界贸易组织法律体系中关于补贴问题主要规定在三个法律文件之中,即《补贴与反补贴措施协议》(以下简称《补贴协议》)、《农业协议》和《服务贸易总协定》。《补贴协议》只处理影响货物贸易的补贴,《农业协议》对农产品的补贴在《补贴协议》的大框架内有一些特殊规定,《服务贸易总协定》则另外规定了关于服务贸易的补贴。由于发达国家与发展中国家的经济实力的巨大悬殊以及它们对农业补贴的不同政策,从而导致了在货物贸易的补贴规则方面,两类国家之间存在着尖锐的利益不平衡,发展中国家必须为实现其与发达国家实质上的平等而继续奋斗。     

Engaging the Private Sector: EU–China Trade Disputes Under the Shadow of WTO Law?

Abstract:  This article intends to reflect a new tendency of China's new trade policy to utilise more effectively the World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules with the support of emerging public–private networks, at bilateral, regional and multilateral levels. Based on legal pluralism and network theory, this article argues that although still far from an active user of the dispute-settlement mechanism, China is gradually building up its legal capacity for challenging foreign trade barriers, by actively engaging the private sector and mobilising resources of domestic industries. It particularly focuses on how this new trend has been reflected on three recent high-profile disputes: textile, footwear and car parts, and concludes that the pattern of China's trade policy indicates that both China and its trading partners have realised that their trade relations are developing under the shadow of WTO law.     

我国对外贸易壁垒调查制度:成就、不足及完善

原外经贸部颁布的《对外贸易壁垒调查暂行规则》是我国外贸政策与立法范式转化的重要标志 ,对于我国真正享受多边贸易规则赋予的权益 ,积极维护对外贸易参与人利益都具有深远意义 ,但《暂行规则》在贸易壁垒的认定、申请人结构安排及程序运作等方面仍须进一步完善     

The Good Case: Decisions to Litigate at the World Trade Organization

This article draws upon the law-in-action, repeat players, and motive to understand how legal actors construct the "good case" in dispute settlement systems. The construction of "good cases" is examined at the World Trade Organization (WTO), a relatively new and unexplored site for the study of dispute settlement. Findings show that the good case encompasses flexible sets of motives including economic, political, and symbolic characteristics of trade grievances to mobilize WTO law. The flexibility is due to uncertainties associated with litigation, which are manifestations of four features of the WTO: the newness of the system, the organizational and legal structure of the dispute system, the context of the WTO as an intergovernmental agreement, and the persistence of inequality between states. Six variations of the good case are identified.     

Explaining energy disputes at the World Trade Organization

The international trade regime has seen an explosion of challenges to government support for renewable energy in recent years, yet fossil fuel subsidies, which dwarf renewable energy subsidies, have remained unchallenged. Existing explanations for this puzzling discrepancy have focused on four rationales: major fossil fuel exporters have not historically been members of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (WTO); WTO subsidies rules are inadequate to deal with the specifics of the fossil fuel trade; nations have developed separate institutions to govern energy; and all states have fossil fuel subsidies, so a challenge to one country’s subsidies will prompt a reciprocal challenge. This article makes two contributions. First, it uses a survey of existing renewable energy trade disputes to critique the existing explanations. Most importantly, the article shows that the threat of reciprocal litigation exists in the renewable energy sector, and that WTO subsidies rules are rarely used to challenge renewable energy subsidies. Hence, neither the threat of reciprocal litigation nor the relative ease of applying WTO subsidies rules explains the discrepancy in the number of disputes. Second, the article hypothesizes that the economic diversification of energy-producing countries is correlated with and may drive whether energy-producing countries face WTO challenges to their energy support policies. Most major fossil fuel producers lack significant non-fossil fuel exports that could be restricted in order to induce them to reform their fossil fuel policies, the usual mechanism for enforcing a WTO judgment. States may also be more likely to challenge new, rather than long-standing, trade restrictions. This suggests that trade challenges will arise more frequently where innovation leads to competition and a demand for new trade restrictions (as in renewable energy), as opposed to in mature sectors of the economy (i.e., the fossil fuel industry). Economic diversification, in turn, is a good predictor of innovation.     

析中国-东盟自由贸易区运作中所及法律及其效力层次

中国-东盟自由贸易区(英文缩写CAFTA)是我国第一个参与的具有话语权的自由贸易区.其中涉及到的法律是多层次的:CAFTA本身的法律,多边贸易体制的法律以及成员国的法律,或第三国的法律.多边贸易体制的法律是CAFTA自由贸易区合法运作的基础;中国-东盟自由贸易区的条约是CAFTA运作的法律根据;而中国、东盟本身以及东盟各成员国的法律是CAFTA运做的法律补充.