新加坡的威权政治及其历史走向——基于政治生态系统的分析

在20世纪60年代以来的现代化进程中,新加坡逐渐建立起介于有限极权与有限民主之间的威权主义政治体制.这种威权主义政治体制的形成是新加坡自身独有的政治生态系统中地理、社会、文化、历史、政治等因素综合作用的结果.正因如此,它契合了新加坡的历史和现实需要,对现代化发展起到巨大的推动作用.而随着新加坡经济的发展,中产阶级形成,市民社会兴起,执政党本身也进行了适时的改革,新加坡政治生态系统中的诸多因素发生了重大变化,民主在威权秩序下不断成熟起来.     

科技政策的国际比较——技术革新与科学技术的典范

<正> 一、科学技术典范与科技政策创造性的科学技术,确实突然出现了。但是,它却受着经济、社会、政治诸种因素极大的制约。在与近代社会形成的同时,科学技术繁荣的中心,就过渡到意大利、英国、法国、德国、美国,并与经济繁荣形成为一个整体。     

试析当代西方绿色政治理论的形成与影响

当代西方社会政治运动中出现了一种新兴思想流派——绿色政治理论。它随着环保运动的深入发展和绿党在西方政坛的崛起，对西方社会产生了越来越广泛的影响。它是在科学技术高度发展、地球生态环境急剧恶化、资本主义社会危机日益严重和世界和平运动深入开展的形势下产生的。这一理论对人类传统的价值理念、西方社会政治生活和政坛产生了巨大的冲击，对我国社会主义现代化建设也具有重要的借鉴意义     

程序正义与中国法治建设浅析

法治是人类文明发展的结晶,也是社会进步的历史选择。中国现实中的"程序正义"是我国在迈向法治社会进程中传统文化和制度缺陷的现实表现,也是我国法治现代化的一种必然产物。它需要经过现代与传统、现实与历史、本土法律文化与外来法律文化的冲突与磨合,还要结合中国社会经济、政治、文化的发展不断的融合与整合。本文认为实现程序正义是贯彻法治的必由之路。     

联邦制稳定性研究

与单一制相比较,“联邦制天生就是不稳定的”,如何维持联邦的稳定一直是联邦制研究中的一个重要议题.关于联邦制稳定性问题的探讨形成了三条主要的路径——宪法路径、社会路径和政治路径.宪法路径将联邦制视为一种谈判机制,其核心是政府间的权力划分问题,它强调宪政结构在维持联邦制稳定过程中的作用；社会路径则关注联邦制与社会多样性之间的关联,强调各种社会因素(如基于种族、族群、语言、宗教、经济等因素而形成的认同上的差异)在维持联邦稳定过程中的作用；政治路径则认为社会路径忽视了这些社会条件得以产生的政治环境,强调政治因素(如政治结构、政党制度或代表制度)的重要性.尽管在很多时候,选择联邦体制的初衷就是为了化解社会中原本就存在的各种潜在的冲突,但是,联邦制的建立并不能保证一定能吸纳并消化这些不稳定因素.有些联邦体制本身非但无力消解这些社会性的不稳定因素,而且它自身就蕴含着各种结构性的不稳定因素.但无论是社会性的不稳定因素还是结构性的不稳定因素,只有当它们难以为体制吸纳时,它们才会成为现实的不稳定因素.     

经济法:经济国家与积极宪政国家的博弈

法与政治密切相关.作为国家公权力调控社会经济领域的经济法更是如此.中性意义上的"阶级"和社会契约论中的"国家"是法产生的政治基础.经济法除了具有法的一般政治基础外,还具有经济法特有的政治基础.市民社会是经济法产生的政治前提,经济国家与积极宪政国家的博弈与平衡是经济法产生、发展和繁荣的政治基础.     

中西方法治意识生成因素的比较

西方的法治意识是基于西方的文化传统所内生的一种社会思想意识,是西方社会经济、文化自然演进的结果.而中国的法治意识是在对西方法治的传入与"移植"过程中,在外力的作用下逐步形成的.考察西方法治的发展历史,我们发现,法治是西方社会发展和社会进步的一个理性选择,是融合了社会文化和经济因素的产物.与法治相适应的法治意识的培育,是法治得以实现的基础.在培育我国公民法治意识的过程中,需要运用比较研究的方法对中西方法治意识的生成因素做深入的分析和法理思考,从而获得有益的启示.     

当代俄罗斯转型宪法的本土化及其困境——参照美国的比较分析

当代俄罗斯宪法是社会转型期仿效西方的宪政模式进行构建的,在传统与现实、制度与实践的交互作用下,俄罗斯的宪政之路经历了一个漫长而艰难的宪法本土化过程.作为后发外生型宪政代表的俄罗斯宪法及宪政与作为先发内生型宪政典范的美国宪法及宪政,在宪法及宪政产生的深层背景、与相应法律文化体系的关联、宪法文本内在的差异、宪政实践中的危机与困境等方面存在诸多的可比较性.这种比较所及的不单纯是法律制度层面的问题,在更深层次上是一个包客了民族、历史、政治、经济、社会等方面的综合性的大文化问题,这对于后发外生型国家克服本国宪法及宪政的发展与完善过程中遭遇到的困境与危机具有积极的启示意义.     

法律移植社会环境下的文化认同——对法律移植效果的文化分析

法律移植是不同的文化之间及传统观念与现实之见相互碰撞融合过程，它对于发展中国家或后进国家吸收借鉴发达国家或先进国家的立法经验、技术以实现法制现代化具有重要意义。法律移植必须处理好传统与现实、制度与意识等全方位的关系，而它的关键则是文化和社会心理的认同。     

坚持马克思主义法律观 科学认识我国法的本质属性

党的十一届三中全会以来,我们国家实行的改革开放政策为我国的政治、经济、文化等各方面的事业带来了繁荣,也为我国的社会主义法制建设和法学研究带来了繁荣.在十一届三中全会精神的指引下,法学工作者认真探索我国现代化建设过程中法律理论和实践中所出现的新情况和新问题,开创了社会主义民主和法制建设以及法学研究生机勃勃的新局面,为我国的民主和法制建设做出了巨大贡献.     

论中国社会转型期行政机关法律意识的变迁

随着中国社会转型期政治、经济的大力发展,社会各主体的法律意识也发生了巨大的变迁。其中行政机关法律意识的变迁可以概括为三个主要方面：在行政理念方面的变迁表现为从“行政法制”转变为“行政法治”;在官民地位方面的变迁表现为从“民告官”到“官告民”：在执法方式方面的变迁表现为从重实体、轻程序转变为实体与程序并重。     

中国农民法律意识现状探讨

农民法律意识的内部架构是,法律意识淡漠与对传统伦理和乡土规范的青睐相伴。其成因是：简单经济关系使其亲近法律缺少利益的驱动;农村家庭的生产职能滋养了具有生产组织文化特点的儒家伦理;人治传统下法律的作用使其缺少对法律的利益感受。觉醒农民法律意识有益于：构建市场经济运动之基础和市民社会之人格——心理基础;塑造崇尚权利的现代法治和民主政治运行之逻辑习惯。     

Autism in the U.S.: social movement and legal change

The social movement surrounding autism in the U.S. has been rightly defined a ray of light in the history of social progress. The movement is inspired by a true understanding of neuro-diversity and is capable of bringing about desirable change in political discourse. At several points along the way, however, the legal reforms prompted by the autism movement have been grafted onto preexisting patterns of inequality in the allocation of welfare, education, and medical services. In a context most recently complicated by economic recession, autism-driven change bears the mark of political and legal fragmentation. Distributively, it yields ambivalent results that have not yet received systemic attention. This article aims to fill this analytical vacuum by offering, first, a synoptic view of the several legal transformations brought about or advocated for by the autism movement and, second, a framework for investigating their distributive consequences.     

The penalization of protest under neoliberalism: managing resistance through punishment

The repression of anti-austerity protests in Spain from 2011 to 2014 constitutes an example of how neoliberal developments are facilitated by the penal system as it limits political resistances to the imposition of precarious working conditions and social cuts. The limits imposed on contentious politics are both material (consisting of banning acts that are prominent in social movement’s repertoire of contention, fining demonstrators, etc.) and symbolic (consisting of transforming the meaning of legitimate politics by imposing new legal and political definitions). This case study is used to illustrate the interconnection between labor markets, social policies and the repression of social protest, and to elaborate on Wacquant’s approach to the relationship between punishment and other social institutions. It is at such times of political and economic crisis when institutional interconnections seem particularly exposed, arguably enabling more profound analyses.     

Entpreprenerial Universities and Technology Transfer: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Knowledge-Based Economic Development

This paper offers a framework to illuminate the role of universities in systems of innovation. The framework attempts to incorporate economic, social, and political influences that affect the ability of universities to both create new knowledge and deploy that knowledge in economically useful ways and thereby contribute to economic growth and prosperity. The objective of this paper is to build a more general understanding of university–industry relationships and their role in knowledge-based innovation systems.     

Shifting Boundaries of Membership: The politicisation of free movement as a challenge for EU citizenship

This article discusses freedom of movement under the lens of shifting boundaries of membership and traces the tension between the political and the economic rationale of European integration. It first reflects on the normativity of free movement and links it to the foundations of modern democratic citizenship. Subsequently, it discusses the role of free movement in the construction of EU citizenship and argues that the genesis in market integration casts a long shadow which hinders EU citizenship's potential to fully display the logic of political and social equality. Under current conditions of huge wealth discrepancies between member states, the prevailing form of horizontal integration necessarily brings about a tension between mobility and solidarity, which in turn creates a barrier for further developing EU citizenship. It is concluded that strengthening an intra‐European dimension of solidarity is needed in order to substantiate the right to move as an equal European citizenship right.     

Lawyers and Embedded Legal Activity in the Southern Civil Rights Movement

We introduce the concept of embedded legal activity to capture the ways in which lawyers and legal organizations can become intertwined in the ongoing activities of social movements. Embedded legal activity is characterized by diverse issues and venues and comprises legal activities that help support movement infrastructure, close coordination between movement lawyers and other activists, and responsiveness to constituent needs. Investigating a comprehensive data set on legal activity during the southern civil rights movement, we identify forms of legal activity beyond the typical focus of legal mobilization, including defense for movement participants charged with misdemeanors and other crimes, movement assistance on organization‐level legal matters, and general legal aid to movement constituents. These were by far the more common types of legal activity and emerged from the embeddedness of lawyers in a mass movement. We argue that embedded legal activity is likely where movements prioritize grassroots leadership and community organizing and face significant countermobilization, hostile legal and political opportunity structures, and substantial social and economic inequality.     

New Legal Realism and the Ethnography of Transnational Law

The new legal realism builds on the strengths of the legal realism of the early twentieth century, viewing law as a set of social processes embedded in historical and political contexts. As it addresses sociolegal phenomena of the early twenty-first century, however, the new legal realism is more attentive to the effects of transnationalism, legal culture, and legal consciousness, and the way ideas and norms travel and are adopted around the world. Asking questions of this kind requires new, more multi-sited or deterritorialized methods of scholarship. This article explores these new perspectives and their methodologies through an examination of the use of human rights in the international movement against violence against women.     

媒介传播时态下的“微政治”：基本认知与中国语境

自媒体作为典型的媒介传播正在以一种前所未见的技术力量深刻地塑造着后传统社会的生态与情境,并将人类带入了微政治的全新时代。微政治不是传统的阶级政治,它是以网络传媒为代表的新兴技术力量嵌入并塑造的社会;是将普通人的日常事务纳入政策关切,从而带来治理结构转型的一场政治社会运动。微政治也对中国的社会政治结构变迁提出了挑战。     

The Vernacular Mobilization of Human Rights in Myanmar's Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Movement

This article examines how activists build a movement for sexual orientation and gender identity minorities in Myanmar, a country that is known for violent suppression of protests and is undergoing political reform. Based on original fieldwork, it finds that activists deploy a strategy of “vernacular mobilization of human rights” to persuade others to join their cause despite the risks to personal safety and to get around political constraints on collective organizing. Conceptualized at the intersection of the cultural study of human rights and social movements scholarship, “vernacular mobilization of human rights” theorizes the relationship between vernacularization—the translation and local adaptation of human rights—and movement micromobilization, specifying how the former unfolds as collective action framing processes. Through vernacularization activities, such as human rights workshops, movement leaders reframe grievances and shift the attribution of blame to empower and recruit new activists. Furthermore, with these framing processes, they generate a political community with a collective identity and social networks that they use to continue expanding the movement. The article enriches debates about the implications of implementing human rights and understandings of the relationship between human rights and movement mobilization, especially under repressive or uncertain political conditions.