家兔死后体表锐器伤出血现象的研究

目的对家兔死后体表锐器损伤出血现象进行研究,以期能够贴近实际办案需要,找到一个更为实用的鉴别生前锐器伤和死后锐器伤的方法。方法家兔脱毛,制作锐器损伤模型,采用大体观察结合HE染色镜下组织病理学观察。结果死后锐器损伤出血量均较少,随着时间延长出血量减少,出血速度慢。死后30min的锐器损伤在形成过程与生前损伤有所区别,但在死后12h肉眼观察结果与生前损伤难以区别。死后1h以上的锐器损伤与生前损伤不同之处在于创缘不会被血染。结论位于尸体低下位置的死后30min内的锐器创与生前锐器创的区别是出血量相对较少。死后60min-90min的锐器伤出血量少,创缘皮肤不被血染,肌肉的出血较局限,与生前损伤相鉴别较容易。     

枪弹创纤维蛋白形成能力的免疫组化研究

采用免疫组化PAP染色法，对57例人体枪弹创标本的纤维蛋白形成能力进行检测。结果发现，所有生前枪弹创均有纤维蛋白形成祖创缘邻近皮肤组织内毛细血管内皮细胞以及血管内充盈的红细胞膜上亦呈棕色阳性染色；死后30min内形成的枪弹创均有纤维蛋白形成；死后37min后形成的枪弹创无纤维蛋白形成，说明死后30min，纤维蛋白形成能力仍存在。作者认为，仅根据损伤局部有纤维蛋白形成即判断为生前伤是不恰当的，尚应结合损伤部位、损伤程度、损伤类型以及其它生活反应综合评定，不宜单凭纤维蛋白判断。     

大鼠纤维连接蛋白诊断生前伤的实验研究

本实验采用我室自己制备的免抗鼠纤维连接蛋白抗血清作为第一抗体，ＡＢＣ免疫组化技术观察不同损伤时间鼠损伤皮肤Ｆｎ的渗出及分布变化．探讨应用纤维连接蛋白诊断生前伤、死后伤的价值．其结果表明：伤后５分钟，创缘深层出现纤维连接蛋白细网．其渗出量与损伤时间密切相关．死后标本均无纤维连接蛋白渗出．因此．我们认为该方法可为法医学研究生前伤和死后伤的鉴别诊断开辟另一新的途径．     

生前伤与死后伤皮肤弹力纤维变化研究

采用Ｈａｒｔ氏弹力纤维染色对不同时间的皮肤生前伤和死后伤进行组织学观察研究，结果表明：生前伤和死后伤真皮中的弹力纤维在形态和分布上无任何区别，因此，在法医实践中依据真皮中弹力纤维形态变化区别生前伤与死后伤无诊断价值     

家兔皮肤低电压电损伤组织病理学研究

目的研究不同数值低电压对家兔皮肤电损伤的组织病理学变化,为皮肤电损伤的法医学鉴定提供一定依据。方法选取家兔35只,随机分为36V、110V、220V生前和死后电击组各3组及正常对照组,共7组,每组5只。应用自制电击装置对家兔进行生前不同数值电压电击和死后不同时间电击,然后对电击处皮肤取材,常规石蜡包埋及HE染色制片并进行组织病理学观察研究。结果 36V生前和死后电击皮肤组织学未见改变;110V、220V生前和死后不同时间予以电击均出现电流斑改变;220V和110V生前与死后电流斑形态无差异;220V较110V电击皮肤电流斑明显。结论电流斑与电压的数值大小存在相关性,电压越高电流斑越明显,36V交流电不能形成电流斑;相同数值电压下电击,生前和死后组电流斑无明显形态学差异,电流斑在36V、110V、220V电压时不能用于区分电击损伤是否为生前或死后所致。     

皮肤钝器伤中组织胺与5-羟色胺的含量变化

在法医学鉴定的实际工作中,经常遇到需要推断致伤时间及损伤是生前或是死后造成的问题。本文通过实验对大白鼠皮肤在钝器伤后1小时内其损伤组织中的组织胺与5—羟色胺(5—HT)的含量变化进行观察,同时对生前伤与死后伤中组织胺与5—羟色胺的含量变化进行比较,探讨钝器损伤后局部组织的组织胺和5—羟色胺的含量变化的规律。     

ABC法检测血小板颗粒膜蛋白鉴别生前伤与死后伤

甲抗人血小板α-颗粒膜蛋白140（GMP－140）单克隆抗体，ABC免疫组化方法鉴别生前伤与死后伤．生前皮肤切创和刺创标本创缘上见条状褐色反应带，死后皮肤切创标本创线上未见上述反应带。该法可用于检测短时期发生的生前伤与死后伤。     

法医鉴定中附加伤及其意义

法医检案过程中，除致死性损伤（主要损伤）外，经常可见其他损伤，称这类损伤为附加伤。按照附加伤形成的时间分类为生前附加伤和死后附加伤。     

附加伤的分类及法医学意义

法医检案过程中,经常会在致死性损伤（主要损伤）之外,发现其他形式的损伤。这些损伤的作用方式、形成机制、成伤的目的各有特点。笔者试着将这些损伤定义为附加伤,再按照损伤形成的时间分为生前附加伤和死后附加伤,并总结其法医学意义。     

试死伤探讨

人体损伤按形成时间的不同可分为生前伤和死后伤.死后在尸体上形成的损伤称为死后伤.     

Biochemical reconstruction of three cases of death — Results of international cooperation

Biochemical serotonin and histamine determinations were applied to the reconstruction of three suspected homicide cases. To distinguish between ante-mortem and post-mortem wounds and to time the ante-mortem injuries the concentrations of free histamine and serotonin in the wound samples and in the control samples from neighbouring intact skin were examined. The results of these biochemical determinations allowed a reconstruction of the events and one of the three cases was shown to be suicide instead of homicide.These methods can be used at least during the first 4 – 5 days after death and some-times even longer. This allows for international cooperation when investigating and reconstructing complicated cases of death.     

纤维联接蛋白的析出与大鼠皮肤早期损伤的时间关系

采用免疫组化(PAP)方法,检测大鼠皮肤损伤区的FN,发现在生前创伤后15min,创壁FN即呈明确阳性;随着伤后经历时间的延长,创壁FN逐渐增多,并滑创壁呈条带状沉积;而在死后5min的创伤,创壁FN则呈阴性。本文为区别生前与死后皮肤创伤提出了一种新的方法。     

C-reactive protein (CRP), a comparison of pre- and post-mortem blood levels.

During autopsy of 26 inpatients with elevated CRP levels (14-536 mg/l) blood was taken from the femoral vessels and analysed for the content of CRP. The post-mortem CRP values were compared with the results of CRP analysis performed within the last 24h before death. This showed that the post-mortem values of CRP in average were reduced with 35% compared to the ante-mortem values. The decrease in CRP levels was not significantly influenced by the time interval from death until blood was drawn for analysis, at least up to 6 days. When blood taken from healthy individuals killed in accidents was analysed, no elevated CRP values were observed, indicating that there is negligible risk for false positive results. It is also shown that frozen blood can be used for CRP analysis if an immunometric kit assay based on whole blood is applied. The results demonstrate that an elevated level of CRP in post-mortem blood is a good marker for an ongoing inflammatory process prior to death. CRP analysis may therefore be a helpful tool in post-mortem examinations, especially in non-hospitalised individuals without medical records.     

兔不同时间切创中肌细胞核DNA的定量测定

为了使损伤时间推断手段更加精确化,为损伤时间推断提供新的方法,我们利用显微分光光度计测定兔皮肤切创创口内肌细胞核DNA 含量,结果发现:正常肌细胞核DNA 含量为18. 420Au,而损伤后创外周区内肌细胞核的DNA 含量立即迅速下降。伤后1h 为17. 274Au;伤后3h 为8. 672Au,达最低水平,随着损伤及经过时间的延长,DNA 含量又逐渐回升,伤后6、8、12,24h 的含量分别为12. 563、13. 608、14. 743,16. 448Au。上述结果说明,损伤区域内肌细胞核内DNA 的含量与损伤时间有明显关系,DNA定量分析可作为损伤时间推断的一个重要根据。     

A study of ethyl glucuronide in post-mortem blood as a marker of ante-mortem ingestion of alcohol

The possibility of post-mortem production of ethanol makes correct interpretation of ethanol detection in forensic autopsy samples difficult. Even though the levels of ethanol formed post-mortem are generally low, this may be highly relevant in cases where intake of alcohol was forbidden, for instance for pilots, professional drivers and countries with low legal alcohol limits for driving. Different criteria are used to determine whether a finding of ethanol is of exogenous origin, but there is no marker for alcohol ingestion that has been studied in detail. In this study, we wanted to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a direct minor metabolite of ethanol, measured in blood, as a marker of ante-mortem alcohol ingestion. Forensic autopsy cases were divided into groups with and without ante-mortem alcohol ingestion, according to strict inclusion criteria. In 93 cases with information on ante-mortem alcohol ingestion, EtG was detected in blood in all cases, even when levels of ethanol were low. In another 53 cases where there were no indications of ante-mortem alcohol intake, EtG could not be detected in blood in a single case, also in 11 cases in which ethanol was detected and considered to be most probably formed post-mortem. In conclusion, blood EtG determination seems to be a reliable marker of ante-mortem ingestion of alcohol, and it could be considered in forensic autopsy cases when post-mortem formation of ethanol is questioned.     

Detection of hemorrhage source: The diagnostic value of post-mortem CT-angiography

The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic value of post-mortem computed tomography angiography (PMCTA) to conventional, ante-mortem computed tomography (CT)-scan, CT-angiography (CTA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in the detection and localization of the source of bleeding in cases of acute hemorrhage with fatal outcomes. The medical records and imaging scans of nine individuals who underwent a conventional, ante-mortem CT-scan, CTA or DSA and later died in the hospital as a result of an acute hemorrhage were reviewed. Post-mortem computed tomography angiography, using multi-phase post-mortem CTA, as well as medico-legal autopsies were performed. Localization accuracy of the bleeding was assessed by comparing the diagnostic findings of the different techniques. The results revealed that data from ante-mortem and post-mortem radiological examinations were similar, though the PMCTA showed a higher sensitivity for detecting the hemorrhage source than did ante-mortem radiological investigations. By comparing the results of PMCTA and conventional autopsy, much higher sensitivity was noted in PMCTA in identifying the source of the bleeding. In fact, the vessels involved were identified in eight out of nine cases using PMCTA and only in three cases through conventional autopsy. Our study showed that PMCTA, similar to clinical radiological investigations, is able to precisely identify lesions of arterial and/or venous vessels and thus determine the source of bleeding in cases of acute hemorrhages with fatal outcomes.     

Odontological contribution to the identification of concentration camp physician Josef Mengele

The body which had been exhumed from a graveyard in Embú (Brazil) on June 6th was investigated by forensic experts. The comparison of the post-mortem dental findings and jaw bones with ante-mortem data of Josef Mengele, physician of the concentration camp of Auschwitz, makes evident, that there is positive identity by high probability.     

损伤对培养人胎肺FBs分泌Fn的影响及与损伤时间的关系

为了探讨损伤对FBs分泌Fn的影响及与损伤时间的关系 ,在本室建立的体外培养人FBs损伤模型的基础上 ,应用酶联免疫组织化学检测技术 (双抗体夹心法ELISA)对损伤后不同时间培养液中Fn的含量变化进行检测 ,结果表明 :伤后培养人胎肺FBs合成分泌的cFn的量 ,在伤后6h内与损伤时间呈正相关。     

损伤皮肤中组胺荧光显微定位定量与损伤时间推断的实验研究

本文应用显微荧光分光光度计法研究大白鼠皮肤创缘组织中组胺的分布和含量,并用甲苯胺蓝法观察创缘肥大细胞形态和数量的变化。结果发现,创缘真皮乳头层出现扩散的细胞外黄色荧光和肥大细胞脱颗粒现象为生前伤的重要特点;组胺荧光分布范围及增多的程度与损伤时间密切相关。从而为损伤时间推断提供了一种新的方法。     

细胞因子(IL-6、TNF-α)在损伤时间中原位杂交法研究

采用原位杂交法，研究大鼠切削皮肤中细胞团子IL－6、TNF－αmRNA表达量，旨在探讨IL－6、TNF－α推断法医损伤时间的应用价值以及其在损伤生活反应中的分子机制。研究结果表明，根据大鼠损伤皮肤中TNF－αmRNA表达量能够区别生前伤与死后伤，并可以利用TNF－αmRNA表达量改变准确区别60min内和60min后损伤时间，但IL－6mRNA表达量在研究组内均未见阳性反应，不能推断损伤时间。