从"躲猫猫"事件透视看守所职务犯罪预防

近日来被各大媒体炒得沸沸扬扬的云南“躲猫猫”事件真相水落石出，最终揭开了“牢头狱霸”的潜规则，暴露了看守所存在的体制弊端。“躲猫猫”事件并非偶然，在此事件之后，一些地方的看守所也陆续发生犯罪嫌疑人非正常死亡事件，这些恶性事件引起了社会广泛关注，一些地方陆续开展了打击“牢头狱霸”专项整治活动。然而，打击“牢头狱霸”不是一劳永逸的，在未进行“羁侦分离”司法体制改革的今天，构建看守所职务犯罪预防长效机制才能从源头上杜绝“躲猫猫”式的悲剧再度发生。     

看守所“牢头狱霸”形成的社会学原因分析

“牢头狱霸”是危害监所安全、扰乱监管秩序的一股恶势力,历来都是看守所打击、整顿的重点对象。本文以社会学理论为基础,分析了看守所“牢头狱霸”产生的原因:在押人员的不良主观因素;不良监室环境;看守所失调的控制机制。在以上三种因素中,在押人员的不良主观因素是内因,不良环境刺激与控制失调是外部条件,“牢头狱霸”是诸种因素互相影响,综合作用的结果。     

预防与遏制看守所“牢头狱霸”的检察对策

近年来,“牢头狱霸”打伤、打死在押人员事件不时见诸报端,严重损害了公安机关的执法公信力,看守所检察工作也深受质疑.有效预防与遏制看守所“牢头狱霸”滋生、蔓延的检察对策应从看守所、管教干警和在押人员的三维立体检察视角来入手.     

云南投4500万改造看守所监控系统

记者从云南省公安厅获悉,自晋宁县看守所牢头狱霸致死在押人员的躲猫猫事件发生后,自3月19日开始,云南省开展为期3个月的打击整治牢头狱霸专项行动。     

如何防范看守所滋生“牢头狱霸”——重庆市云阳县检察院试行在押人员未决羁押表现评鉴制度

重庆市云阳县位于长江三峡库区,现有人口130余万,刑事案件年均发生率0.2%,其中因严重刑事犯罪被看守所羁押的未决在押人员月均羁押量达230人左右,给看守所的监管造成了一定压力。特别是近年来发生的未决在押人员恃强凌弱、打架斗殴、辱骂他人、强吃强拿的"牢头狱霸"现象,更是严重破坏了看守所的监管秩序,危害了在押人员的合法权益,干扰了刑事诉讼活动的正常进行。针对"牢头狱霸"现象,云阳县检察院深入看守所调查研究,分析"牢头狱霸"形成的原因,查找"牢头狱     

北京市首个对公众开放的看守所

带着统一发放的“视察证”，8月27日，20多名记者首次走进了位于北京市昌平区沙河镇的西城看守所。据悉，“躲猫猫”事件发生之后，公安部发文要求严打监所内的牢头狱霸，同时要求增加监管工作透明度。而当天开放的西城看守所正是全国首批开放的10个看守所之一，是北京市首个对公众开放的看守所，     

看守所监管活动检察存在的问题及完善建议

近年来，各级检察机关按照“强化法律监督，维护公平正义”的检察工作主题要求，加大了对看守所监管活动执法的监督力度，看守所检察工作取得了显著成效，监督薄弱状况得到了较大改观。然而从目前看守所监管现状来看，牢头狱霸、超期羁押等问题仍然屡禁不止，成为国人抨击司法公正的话柄，特别是云南的“躲猫猫”事件，在反映看守所监管工作不到位的同时，也暴露出当前我国的看守所检察制度仍然存在很多问题，如监督法律依据不充分、监督信息获取难、监督手段和方法不完善等问题。下面笔者将就这一问题进行详细探讨。     

“牢头狱霸”问题与我国囚犯管理的制度选择——基于博弈论的法经济学分析

牢头狱霸现象在我国的监狱和看守所中长期存在，国家机关希望通过法律和政策对其进行打击，但这种现象却屡禁不止。对于牢头狱霸的产生原因和解决方式，相关的法律经济学分析尚属空白。本文通过非合作的完全信息静态博弈理论对新老囚犯的行为进行分析，揭示了在管制资源不足的状况下，管理者在制度选择时宁可冒着承担法律责任的风险，依然选择产生牢头狱霸制度的深层原因和动机。在此基础上，本文还进一步分析了这种非正式制度的优势和不足，并对我国的狱政管理提出相应的立法和政策建议。     

试论基层检察机关如何服务“三打两建”工作

作为服务于“平安广东”和“幸福广东”的有力保障,2012年1月6日,在广东省委十届十一次全会上,广东在全国率先提出2012年要组织开展以“打击欺行霸市、打击制假售假、打击商业贿赂,建设社会信用体系.建设市场监管体系”为内涵的“三打两建”、建设幸福广东的活动.本文针对检察机关如何服务“三打两建”工作略陈浅见.     

看守所"牢头狱霸"的行为特点及其形成原因分析

本文认为看守所"牢头狱霸"现象的存在除了主观方面的因素外,还受制于客观存在的立法、管理、司法、社会、干部队伍建设等各种消极因素的影响,它是主观原因和客观原因相互作用、相互结合的结果。     

论监所适度开放

监所适度开放是政府信息公开的一部分,是公众知情权的要求,有利于保护被羁押者人权、有利于对监狱进行有效治理和加强人民对监狱执法的监督。我国监所开放取得了巨大的成绩,但也存在一些问题,应当适当界定监所开放的范围,完善巡视员巡视制度、媒体采访制度、亲属探访制度、公众参观制度等监所开放的具体措施。     

Prison life: Television,sports, work,stress and insomnia in a remand prison

ObjectiveTo compare how prisoners complaining of insomnia and prisoners without sleep problems describe their daily activities, stress factors and the perceived reasons for their sleep quality in prison.Method102 randomly chosen remanded prisoners complaining of insomnia and 61 randomly chosen prisoners who did not complain of insomnia.ResultsPrisoners complaining of insomnia and those reporting good sleep differed significantly in their lifestyle in prison. A significantly higher percentage of the former than of the latter reported writing letters, diaries or a book in prison, as well as doing “arts-related” activities such as painting and listening to music. A significantly higher percentage of non insomniac prisoners than of prisoners complaining of insomnia practiced sports in prison, watched television, and spent their day discussing and meeting other detainees. PSQI and GHQ scores were significantly different between insomniac and non insomniac prisoners. Insomniac prisoners complained significantly more often than non-insomniac prisoners about sleep disturbances, in the first place by roommates, but also by guards. Activities in prison and stressful events were significant factors associated with the variable “insomnia versus no insomnia” Worries about medical problems (odds ratio: 12.9), being separated or divorced (odds ratio: 8.8), having experienced stressful events during the past week (odds ratio: 8.7), “art” activity (odds ratio: 8.6), and having a GHQ score > 10 (odds ratio: 7.7) had the highest odds ratios among the tested covariates. No sports in prison and some activities were also predictors of insomnia when entered separately or conditionally.ConclusionOur study provides arguments on how to alleviate insomnia in prison: changing conditions of imprisonment is of public health benefit. Increased opportunities to practice sports in prison as well as adequate care for medical problems and psychological support to reduce context related stress should be routinely offered to insomniac prisoners.     

Violence exposure and health related risk among African American adolescent female detainees: A strategy for reducing recidivism

Juvenile crime and violent victimization continue to be significant social problems (Fitzpatrick, Piko, Wright, & LaGory, 2005); in that, adolescents, females in particular, are likely to participate in health related risk behaviors as result of having been victimized or exposed to a violent environment. Specifically, abuse, neglect, sexual molestation, poverty, and witnessing violence are well known risk factors for the development of trauma-related psychopathology and poor outcomes relative to delinquency, drug and alcohol abuse, and HIV risk behaviors (Steiner, Garcia, & Matthews, 1997). HIV infection is a common public health concern disproportionally affecting adolescent African American female detainees. This unique population has a serious history of violence exposure, which subsequently tends to lead to engaging in risky sexual behaviors, mental health problems, and abusing substances. Also, as a result of little to no intervention, this population is recidivating at an alarming rate, a problem that may further exacerbate the expression of health-related risk behaviors among African American adolescent female detainees. The authors briefly describe a pilot program to be implemented in the juvenile justice system that is based on the Model of Accumulated Risk (Garbarino, 1996), Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model (1994), and the Positive Youth Justice Model (Butts, Bazemore, & Meroe, 2009). The program proposes to reduce risky sexual behaviors, teach alternatives to abusing substances, treat mental health concerns, and reduce the rate of recidivism through "positive youth development", PYD (Butts, Bazemore, & Meroe, 2009). Tying elements of wraparound services and reeducation together, this program addresses salient concerns that may have an impact on an adolescent detainees' success following their release from prison in a holistic manner.     

Pretrial Detention in India: an Examination of the Causes and Possible Solutions

The average rate of pretrial detention in India is 20 per 100,000 of the general population, which is less than half the global average. However, as of 2013, the number of pretrial detainees as a proportion of all prisoners is 67.6 %—over twice the global average. This article seeks to understand the causes of such a high proportion of pretrial detention. Answering this question will help evaluate the present governmental response to the problem of pretrial detention. The article begins by examining the laws and practice of pretrial detention in India and then tries to explain the disjuncture between the two by analysing, first, the role of various functionaries, namely the police, prosecutors, judiciary and prison officials; second, the profile of the pretrial detainees and their (in)ability to post bail and, finally, the (in)effectiveness of the existing legal aid system. It posits that while partly a result of relatively low overall convict populations, the high incidence of corruption; shortage of human, physical and monetary resources and governance and lack of coordination contribute to the high number of pretrial detainees in the prison population in India. It then concludes by describing existing solutions and referencing the practice in Pakistan and Bangladesh, which face similar problems and have similar laws and institutional structures.     

Co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders among male detainees in Italy

This paper presents data on the prevalence of co-occurring substance use and psychiatric disorders among newly imprisoned males in Italy. Interviewers conducted semi-structured clinical interviews with n = 302 male detainees seven days after their admission to the prison of Perugia from August 2005 through July 2006. Over half of male detainees (54.3%) had either a substance use disorder or another psychiatric disorder. One of every five detainees (20.9%) had comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders. Compared to detainees with psychiatric disorder only, substance use disorder only, or no disorder, detainees with comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders were significantly more likely to have severe impairment in the areas of employment, substance abuse, family and social functioning, and psychiatric symptoms. Findings underscore the need for careful diagnostic screening at intake, access to treatment during detention, and an effective transition to services at the time of release.     

Screening for severe mental disorder in jails

Despite the demonstrated prevalence of severe mental disorder among jail detainees and the legal mandate to provide mental health services, most jails do not have the resources to incorporate traditional, time-consuming psychological assessment techniques into their routine intake process. As a result, a number of mentally ill jail detainees remain undetected and untreated. This study outlines the development of the Referral Decision Scale (RDS), which detects persons who have a high probability of having a severe mental disorder so that they can be given a complete diagnostic evaluation. The 14-item RDS was statistically derived using discriminant analysis from data collected via the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule on 728 randomly selected male jail detainees and then validated on 1,149 prison inmates. The final validated version of the RDS had an overall sensitivity of 0.791, specificity of 0.987, and positive and negative predictive value of 0.791 and 0.013, respectively. Since these statistics far exceed current detection rates, the RDS is likely to facilitate the diversion of mentally ill detainees in situations where it is impractical to administer psychological examinations to all incoming inmates. Training requirements for the RDS and directions for future research are discussed.This research was supported in part by National Institute of Mental Health under grant No. R01MH37988. We would like to thank Karl Kilgore, Stuart Michaels, John Lyons, Karen Abram, Richard White, and Christine Davidson for their statistical insights and helpful comments. James Collins is due special thanks for making his North Carolina prison data available. We are also grateful to Philip Hardiman, Thomas Monahan, and Ronald Simmons for their cooperation with the data-collection process.     

Exploring the consequences of prolonged pretrial incarceration: evidence from a local jurisdiction in the Philippines

Prolonged pretrial incarceration is a key issue facing the criminal justice systems of many developing countries. Detainees stay in jail for years while undergoing trial but are still unconvicted. However, little is known about the consequences of this troubling phenomenon. Informed by relevant prison and criminological theories, this paper analyses jail official data and qualitative interviews from detainees in a local jurisdiction in the Philippines to understand the magnitude and consequences of prolonged pretrial incarceration. Results suggest the emergence of a legally cynical view of the criminal justice system shared by the detainees. These sentiments likely serve as bases for popular opinions that justify use of violence and vigilante justice on offender populations. Implications on judicial and penal reforms in the Philippines are discussed.     

论完善对监狱行刑的监督

监狱是自由刑行刑的主要场所。基于刑罚的目的的二元性,监狱兼有惩罚与矫正的双重行刑目标。同时监狱行刑作为特殊的行政权力,具有被滥用的高危风险。为了完整实现行刑目的,保障服刑人员的权利,各国均对监狱的行刑权力设置了相应监督机制,对极易被滥用的行刑权力进行规制。在我国由于报应观念的深植和行刑个别化社会化色彩不强,尤需借鉴先进经验完善对监狱的监督,以确保罪犯改造的效果和行刑程序公正。     

IMPRISONMENT LENGTH AND POST‐PRISON EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS

This study considers the relationship between imprisonment length and employment outcomes. The data are a unique prospective, longitudinal study of Dutch pretrial detainees (N = 702). All subjects thus experience prison confinement of varying lengths, although the durations are relatively short (mean = 3.8 months; median = 3.1 months). This contrasts with prior research that was limited to the study of American prison sentences spanning an average of 2 years. These data thus fill a gap in the empirical base concerning short‐term confinement, which is the norm in the United States (e.g., jail incarceration) and other Western countries. Using a comprehensive array of pre‐prison covariates, a propensity score methodology is used to examine the dose–response relationship between imprisonment length and a variety of employment outcomes. The results indicate that, among prison lengths less than 6 months in duration, longer confinement is largely uncorrelated with employment. In contrast, among spells in excess of 6 months, longer imprisonment length seems to worsen employment prospects.