心理实验在心理测试中的科学应用

心理测试技术从实验科学的角度来看,是实验设计的一种具体应用.心理实验是基于心理科学的分支学科——实验心理学的原理和规律设计进行的.本文从心理测试技术中实验设计的变量及其怎样控制变量,从心理测试技术的实验设计等角度,来正确看待心理实验在心理测试中的科学应用.     

从心理实验看心理测试技术——从实验心理学关于情绪的研究谈心理测试技术

对实验心理学进行研究学习，是心理测试技术不断完善的必要知识储备。因此，本文先对心理测试技术进行概述，叙述了心理测试技术的生理学基础和心理理论基础；接着对实验心理学做了简要描述。然后联系心理测试技术对实验心理学中的情绪进行实验研究。最后总结了心理测试技术的应用趋势及其与实验心理学的密切联系。     

法庭科学枪口比动能测速仪法测试规程的相关问题阐述

2011年在全国公布执行:GA/T953-2011《法庭科学枪口比动能测速仪法测试规程》中的测速仪的选定、致伤力的检测方法、不确定度计算公式结合标准《规程》涉及的特定标识经严格演算与推导的获得作进一步的阐述.说明不论使用什么品种的测速仪,只要测试精度达到要求,都可以按标准《规程》进行初速测试,用以鉴定枪支致伤力.强调在标准《规程》中,致伤力检测的主要方法是测速法,测速法可按本规程执行,但本《规程》未排除其它方法.计算法与等阈值检测法同样具有科学性、准确性.标准《规程》中关于不确定度的公式,由不确定度的通用理论中的公式,结合本规程涉及的特定标识经严格演算与推导获得.     

犯罪心理测试技术在侦查中的应用

本文从犯罪心理、犯罪心理学、犯罪心理测试技术三个层次逐层深入的去分析和探讨犯罪心理测试技术在侦查中的实践与应用。审理案件的心理实验技术,是依据实验心理学、认知心理学、犯罪心理学三大学科基础和侦查学、物证技术学、生物电子学、神经心理学等学科知识,综合的考虑犯罪心理测试技术在侦查实践中带来的便利以及作为一种技术手段本身所带有的局限性。     

浅议可用性测试

可用性测试是来源于经典实验室实验的一种可用性评估方法,它是可用性评估的最为常见的技术之一。本文就分别从可用性测试的分类、优点和缺点这三个角度来详细介绍可用性测试,并对如何减少其缺点带来的影响进行探讨。     

动态人脸识别系统误报警分析与研究

本文主要针对动态人脸识别系统误报警率进行分析研究，通过实验测试，提出利用报警过滤机制降低误报警率的解决思路，并进行了验证性测试。     

入字笔顺识别方法

目的 建立入字笔顺的科学识别方法.方法 收集实验笔迹样本分别作为训练样本和测试样本,由书写样本的被试者报告目标字的笔顺,依据训练样本提取入字的形态特征,在特征基础上建立分类器,使用测试样本评估分类器的性能.结果 共获得352份有效样本,被试者报告了2种入字笔顺,提取撇笔收笔动向等形态特征,拟定判别函数,建立判别规则,由测试者对识别方法进行测试.结论 建立了入字笔顺的识别方法,对于测试样本,拒识率为11.4％,测试错误率为4.6％.     

下肢损伤者姿势诱发反射下的动态姿势图分析

目的利用动态姿势图分析下肢损伤者的平衡功能。方法利用动态姿势图测试仪对62例正常人和258例下肢骨关节损伤者进行姿势诱发反射检测,包括感觉整合测试、适应性测试,将两组实验对象的检测结果进行t检验。结果与正常人相比,下肢损伤者动态姿势图中的感觉整合测试平衡分(SOT3~SOT6)及动态本体感觉比例分差异有统计学意义(P0.05),适应性测试无明显下降趋势。结论下肢损伤可导致平衡功能降低。     

用基于词的二元模型消解交集型分词歧义

解决交集型分词歧义问题,对于大规模语料库建设具有十分重要的意义.我们用基于词的二元模型对两个各200万字的语料库中的三字长交集型字串进行了消歧实验,封闭测试正确率达到99%以上,开放测试正确率达到90%以上,比以往最好结果有明显的提高.     

下肢损伤者姿势诱发反射下的动态姿势图分析CSCD

目的利用动态姿势图分析下肢损伤者的平衡功能。方法利用动态姿势图测试仪对62例正常人和258例下肢骨关节损伤者进行姿势诱发反射检测,包括感觉整合测试、适应性测试,将两组实验对象的检测结果进行t检验。结果与正常人相比,下肢损伤者动态姿势图中的感觉整合测试平衡分（SOT3～SOT6）及动态本体感觉比例分差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,适应性测试无明显下降趋势。结论下肢损伤可导致平衡功能降低。     

跳弹创形态学的实验研究

目的 探讨跳弹创形成的条件,研究跳弹在体内弹道学特点及致伤能力,建立跳弹创的诊断依据。方法选用国产54式手枪及56式半自动步枪,配用51式手枪弹及56式步枪弹以水磨石板为反跳靶体,射击约克夏种猪4头,复制出跳弹创模型12例。观察射入口、创道及着弹点特征。结果 跳弹的形成受靶体性状、弹头形态和速度、入射角与反跳角等条件因素的影响;在相同条件下高初速尖型弹头的反跳角<低初速圆型弹头;创道无明显瞬时空腔效应;根据实验结果建立了6项诊断依据。结论 正确诊断跳弹创对射击方向和距离、重建弹道、分析枪击目的、评估损伤程度有实用价值。     

The effect of the THV bullet in animal tissue

The Très Haute Vitesse (THV) bullet was introduced to meet the requirements of law enforcement officers, as an alternative to larger calibre fully jacketed bullets, since expanding or exploding bullets are not relevant in Europe. To examine the effect of the THV bullet in tissue, especially the size of the lesion and the degree of overpenetration, 11 recently killed pigs were shot with the weapons used by the Danish Police Force and a 9-mm pistol for reference. The ammunition was THV in the calibres 7.65 mm, 0.38, and 9 mm, using conventional fully jacketed bullets for comparison. The lesions were considerably larger when the THV bullet was used, the entry wound in particular, being roughly twice the diameter in the case of the THV bullet as compared to the fully jacketed bullet of similar calibre. Only one 7.65-mm THV bullet overpenetrated the target when fired against the thorax or abdomen of the pigs and then with only minimal residual energy. All fully jacketed 7.65-mm bullets, all 0.38 bullets, with the exception of one THV bullet, and all 9-mm bullets overpenetrated the target. The 7.65-mm THV bullet produced a lesion which in its extent resembled that of the fully jacketed 9-mm bullet, and should be a suitable alternative for the Danish Police Force.     

Utilization of X‐ray Computed Tomography for the Exclusion of a Specific Caliber and Bullet Type in a Living Shooting Victim

A bystander claimed to have been shot by a police officer, and CT scans were used to match qualitative and quantitative aspects of the unremoved bullet with police issued 9 mm Luger ammunition. CT scan methodology proved a valid approach for the measurement of bullets based on calculated measurement capability and correlation with “gold standard” physical measurement by vernier caliper. Measurements regarding length and base diameter, as well as length/diameter ratio, were insufficient to unambiguously identify a specific caliber, or a bullet of specific mass within a caliber class. It was, however, possible to exclude a bullet of specific design and mass with well‐characterized precision and accuracy values under selected CT scan conditions. A 9 mm Luger bullet (115 gr FMJ RN) was excluded from involvement in a shooting based on qualitative bullet shape combined with length, base, and ratio measurements of the bullet in‐situ for the victim.     

A shot through the window

At issue in this case was whether an unusual window defect seen in two of the crime scene photographs was due to a bullet and if so, if that same bullet fatally wounded the victim. The window appeared to have been cracked prior to the apparent shot through it. A .22 bullet recovered from autopsy, when examined only by light microscopy, failed to show associated glass fragments. A previously cracked test window was shot a number of times with .22 caliber bullets near the cracks in an effort to simulate the window defect seen in the crime scene photographs. Several of the defects produced by the test window shots appeared similar to the crime scene window defect. The .22 bullet taken from the victim and several of the test bullets (collected by a cotton box) were examined by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The test bullets showed glass particles on and embedded in their surfaces. Particles of similar size and composition were found embedded in the surface of the bullet from the victim. The bullet likely struck the window prior to hitting the victim. It was apparent by the morphology of some of the mushroomed test .22 bullets that they hit the window crack. These bullets showed that the glass on one side of a crack often fails before the other side during the strike. Aggregations of powdered glass on many of the mushroomed surfaces of the .22 bullets suggest that as the bullet mushrooms during impact on the window surface, the glass in contact with the bullet powderizes and coats the mushroomed surface of the bullet with a layer of fine glass particles.     

Path of bullet and injuries determined by radiography

Radiography is commonly used to find bullet pathways in forensic pathology. In the case presented here, a man had sustained multiple gunshot wounds and one bullet could not be traced. A radiograph was used to find the bullet and showed an interesting bullet pathway. By observing the bullet pathway on a radiograph, sometimes we can surmise the victim's body posture at the time of an incident.     

Renal artery bullet embolism.

Bullet embolism is a well-recognized phenomenon. While bullet embolism is not common, renal artery bullet embolism appears to be very rare. We report three cases of bullet embolism to a renal artery. Autopsy findings and bullet types are presented. Such cases are of particular interest to both the medical examiner and the clinician. Failure to consider this phenomenon clinically could lead to infarction of a kidney. A consideration of this phenomenon at autopsy could shorten the dissection time required to retrieve the bullet.     

9mm警用转轮手枪橡胶弹射入口的形态特征

目的观察橡胶弹射人口的形态特征,并探讨其法医学意义。方法使用9mm警用转轮手枪发射橡胶弹,在实验动物胸腹部侧面垂直射击,射击距离分别为紧密接触射击（0cm）,相对接触射击（1～6cm）,近距离射击（6-60cm）和远距离射击（60cm～有效射程25m）。92式手枪采取相同方式射击实验动物作为对照。观察射入口的形态特征,制作组织病理学切片,HE染色显微镜下观察。结果橡胶弹接触射击和近距离射击,射入口边缘整齐,有明显的擦拭轮、挫伤轮和火药斑纹;远距离射击,可见射人口边缘撕裂,挫伤轮明显增宽,皮下出血显著;与手枪弹射入口形态特征明显不同。结论9mm警用转轮手枪橡胶弹射入口典型的形态特征,可作为此类损伤的诊断指标。     

Estimating the shooting distance of a 9-mm Parabellum bullet via ballistic experiment

We demonstrate here how the shooting distance of a 9-mm Parabellum FMJ bullet (115gr) has been estimated via shooting experiments. Such a bullet was found by investigators near a concrete wall, fairly distorted at its tip. The bullet carries no evidence of multiple impact and no evidence of ballistic impact on the wall has been reported. We estimated the impact velocity by comparing the questioned bullet with a set of comparison bullets hitting a wall (rigid target) with different velocities. The shooting distance was recovered from the impact velocity by studying the typical behavior of a manufactured 9 mm bullet weighting 115 g (7.45 g), shot in pistol or a sub-machine gun. The results demonstrated that the questioned bullet was a lost bullet. The shooting distance also helped the investigators, narrowing the range of the estimated positions of the shooter.     

Intravascular bullet embolism to the right atrium

Bullet embolism is a relatively unusual complication of gunshot wounds. Embolism to the right atrium comprises <5% of all reported intravascular bullet emboli. We report an additional case of bullet embolus to the right atrium of a 0.38-caliber bullet following a gunshot wound to the chest. The intracardiac bullet was recognized radiologically on presentation, but the patient was hemodynamically stable and managed conservatively, with the bullet left in place. The missile remained within the heart without clinical significance for several years and was recovered from the right atrium only at the time of autopsy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of a 0.38-caliber bullet which embolized to the right atrium and remained inconsequential for an extended period of time.     

The effects of certain intermediary target materials and their proximity to ballistic gelatin on jacketed hollow point bullet expansion

Expanding bullets are preferred by law enforcement because of their wounding potential and ability to avoid over-penetration which could result in unintended targets being struck by bullets that perforate their intended targets. Expansion failure for jacketed hollow point (JHP) bullets is commonly attributed to several causes including damage to the bullet's cavity, velocity loss, bullet destabilization and materials from intermediate targets filling the bullet's cavity which can cause expansion failure when the bullet subsequently impacts a soft, fluid-based target such as human tissue or ballistic gelatin. In this study, JHP bullets were fired into ballistic gelatin after passing through selected intermediate targets representing items common to shooting incidents. Velocity loss and bullet destabilization were not factors that contributed to the JHP bullets that experienced expansion failure; however, materials obstructing the bullets' cavities and damage to the bullets' cavities were considered causes for some of the JHP bullet expansion failures. It was determined through this research that most of the target materials caused JHP bullet expansion failure when shored against the ballistic gelatin, but when placed at distances of 7 ft. from the ballistic gelatin, bullets fired through the same target materials did expand. This original and unique study produced findings that are of significant value to shooting incident reconstruction experts and other forensic professionals as shooting incidents can call into question a victim's proximity to a wall or door when a bullet(s) perforated such a target material.