论文件鉴定的程序规范

在分析文件鉴定整个鉴定活动的过程中,对鉴定程序的规范做了详细的阐述,包括：案件的受理程序、检验/鉴定程序、送检材料的流转程序、结果报告程序、检验记录程序、档案管理程序和出庭质证程序等,能对规范我国文件鉴定的程序起到积极作用。     

系统检验方法在可疑文件鉴定中运用

通过对近年来成功解决的几起可疑文件鉴定的典型案例分析,较详细地阐述在文件鉴定实践中,如何运用系统检验的思想,通过可疑文件上留下的细微变造痕迹,巧妙识别可疑文件的伪造手段和方法,为法庭提供科学、可信的证据,取信于法官、律师及当事人,使得案件最终圆满审结.在面对某些疑难案件的鉴定中,在鉴定思路和方法上对文件检验人员,有一定的启示作用.     

特殊文件相对形成时间的鉴定

伪造、变造、异常处理文书的书写时间鉴定在诉讼中的作用越来越重要。笔者在多年的文书鉴定工作中曾遇到多起特殊处理的文件,如人为老化文件、塑封文件,污染文件以及书写于传真纸、宣纸等特定材料上的文件,在对这些文件的检验过程中,笔者进行了部分研究,获得一些实际体会。     

试论国家文字改革前文件中简化字的检验

文件检验实践中所涉及的国家文字改革前的文件中是否存在简化汉字，这些简化汉字在文件检验鉴定中怎样评价，如何利用。对鉴定结论的正确与否产生直接影响，进而影响到对案件的判决处理是否客观、公正。 本文试图从汉字发展的历史．古今字、异体字和繁简字的有关情况。我国汉字简化情况三个方面对简化汉字进行分析研究。使鉴定人消除对简化汉字的认识误区。对文件检验鉴定中遇到的国家文字改革前的文件中出现的简化字有一个明确的认识。在文件检验实践中。充分把握和利用所出现的简化汉字。结合笔迹等方面特征。正确辨别文件真伪，作出符合客观实际的鉴定结论。     

DESI-HRMS-HDI在添改字迹鉴定中的应用研究

目的通过电喷雾解吸电离(DESI)—高分辨飞行时间质谱(HRMS-HDI)成像技术建立了一种新型添改字迹鉴别技术。方法对10支黑色签字笔书写的“11”被添改成“47”的90个样本用分子成像技术测试。结果该技术可将84个被添改的原始字迹“11”以二维成像方式显现。结论DESI-HRMS-HDI技术无需检材预处理,在大气压下即可进行操作,接近无损检验,操作简便,是一种有效的文件检验技术,适用于文件材料鉴别和篡改文件鉴定。     

文件检验的困惑与反思

文件检验做为一门已经成熟的物证技术,新的研究和经验层出不穷,但多未能突破文件检验的常规方法,新的检验仪器设备不断更新,仍然无法解除文件检验的方法局限.本文通过对同一认定理论的认识,尝试用检验鉴定的基础理论对文件检验中发现的问题进行反思,力图用最原始、最根本、最有效的理论解除文件检验中发现的困惑.     

法医尸体检验鉴定中6个存在的问题

检察机关技术部门对技术性鉴定文件进行文证审查是一项由来已久的工作，近年来，最高人民检察院对技术性证据的文证审查作了进一步的规范。在各类技术检验鉴定案件中，文证审查案件尤其是对法医尸体检验鉴定的文证审查呈逐年上升趋势。经统计，2007年以来我处共办理法医检验鉴定的文证审查案件138例，其中尸体检验鉴定85例，     

浅谈计算机技术在文检鉴定中的应用

当今是信息时代，计算机技术已在各个领域广泛运用，但该项技术在司法鉴定领域的运用还有待于探索、开发。为此，笔者拟从笔迹鉴定，印章鉴定、污损文件鉴定、印刷文件鉴定四个方面对计算机技术在文件检验鉴定中的应用进行探讨。     

电阻测量法和光谱成像技术联用鉴别添改变造字迹

目的 黑色含碳笔形成的添改文件的检验一直是文件检验领域的难点和热点问题。对于原始字迹和添改字迹笔画均为黑色含碳色料书写的文件鉴定,通常借助光学仪器和显微设备进行形态学检验,易受外界环境和主体认知力的影响和限制。本文将通过笔画电阻测量法和光谱成像技术的联合应用,为鉴别黑色含碳笔添改字迹变造文件提供一种无损、便捷、有效的检验方法。方法 利用电阻测量仪和多波段光谱成像仪,选择同标准的测量点和基准点,分别对添改字迹与原始字迹笔画的电阻值和光谱数据进行测量、比较和分析。结果 实验结果显示不同黑色含碳笔书写的原始字迹和添改字迹笔画的电阻值和光谱数据存在差异,这种差异可以为鉴别添改字迹形成的变造文件提供依据。结论 电阻测量法和多光谱技术由于其无损、快速、准确等优点能够用于添改字迹的检验。两种技术并用的方法突破了含碳笔添加字迹鉴别中形态学检验的局限性,从定量的角度相互印证,使鉴定意见更为科学、可靠。     

文件检验中的辩证思考

文件检验作为技术侦查与司法鉴定活动中的一项专门手段,文检工作者不仅要掌握文检学的专业理论知识与检验方法,还要在实际的检验鉴定工作中坚持以唯物辩证法为指导,客观全面地对文件物证进行分析检验.文件物证及其特征是普遍性与特殊性、共性与个性的矛盾关系的统一体.在实际的检验鉴定工作中我们要结合具体案情,进行辩证地选取、分析、比对,使鉴定结论更具科学性,也能更好地体现公平、公正的法律公意和维护当事人的合法利益.     

The Decipherment of Latent White Board Entries

This case involves an incriminating message written on a white board and erased before the investigators seized the evidence. Investigators inquired about the possibility of recovering the entries and subsequently submitted the board to the Documents and Digital Evidence Branch for examination. In an attempt to recover latent handwritten entries, examinations were conducted utilizing the Foster and Freeman Video Spectral Comparator 6000/Hyper Spectral (VSC 6000/HS). Latent handwritten entries were observed with the use of an excitation band‐pass filter in the range of 485 nm‐610 nm with a longpass barrier filter at 645 nm in front of the camera lens of the VSC 6000/HS. Entries were also recovered and imaged using an alternate light source with the Phase One (P65) imaging system. Multiple latent handwritten entries were recovered utilizing various instruments and lighting techniques. This report discusses the details concerning the examination and the results.     

Enzymatic extraction of dyes for differentiation of red cotton fibres by TLC coupled with VSC

The purpose of this work was to assess the usefulness of thin layer chromatography (TLC) for discriminating single cotton fibres dyed with red reactive dyes. An effective enzymatic extraction procedure with the use of cellulase for the red reactively-dyed cotton fibres was developed and used for the discrimination of fibres derived from 21 garments purchased commercially. Discrimination of the fibres relied on the separation of the extracted dyes by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Four eluents were used to develop the plates with the extracted dyes, and the obtained results were analysed using, among others, video spectral comparator (VSC). Observation of TLC plates in visible, ultraviolet and infrared light allowed unambiguous discrimination of 5 and probable discrimination of 6 of the 21 fibres tested. The remaining fibres were divided into several groups. Comparison of the acquired results with those obtained for the same examination material by standard non-destructive methods used in forensic fibres examinations (transmitted light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, UV–Vis microspectrophotometry and Raman spectroscopy) has shown that efficiency in fibres differentiation is similar for all methods. TLC coupled with VSC was even found to be more effective in differentiation of red cotton fibres. The chemometric analysis was helpful to discriminate dyed cotton fibres, characterized by very similar colour.     

Design of optimal policies: A variable structure control approach

This paper introduces methods of variable structure control (VSC) theory to economists. The VSC design is based on closed loop optimal control solutions. It is shown that VSC can yield stable solutions in the presence of parameter errors whereas conventional closed loop optimal control solutions become unstable. The methodology is applied to a simple economic model.     

Determining Line-Crossing Sequences Between Laser Printing and Writing Pen Using Coaxial Light

Determining the application sequence of hand-written pen ink and printer toner lines has attracted significant interest in questioned document examination. This study uses coaxial light to determine line-crossing sequences, with intersections observed under a VSC600 forensic document workstation and a Leica M205A Stereo-microscope. Results show that reflected light at intersections and color contrast between intersections and nonintersections was observed when a hand-written ink line passes over a toner line, while a toner line passing over a written line appeared dull, with no color contrast. The procedure was tested under a range of conditions, such as types of writing pens and laser printers, the writer, and writing pressure, with the latter playing an important role in the evaluation. To validate the results, a 90% detection rate and 98% accuracy rate were achieved from 50 samples of blind testing, which is more effective than optical microscopy.     

基于短波紫外光荧光现象快速鉴别静电复印纸的种类

目的 建立无损、快速静电复印纸的鉴别方法.方法 利用文检仪短波紫外光,对30种不同品牌或相同品牌不同批次的静电复印纸测试并比对分析.结果 相同条件下,不同纸张的紫外荧光现象不同,根据纸张在短波紫外光激发下的荧光强弱、荧光纤维条的长短、粗细、弯曲形状和分布稀疏程度等特征,可鉴别不同品牌或相同品牌不同批次的静电复印纸.结论 该方法是一种简单、无损、高效、实用的检验方法.     

Human height estimation from highly distorted surveillance image

Video surveillance camera (VSC) is an important source of information during investigations especially if used as a tool for the extraction of verified and reliable forensic measurements. In this study, some aspects of human height extraction from VSC video frames are analyzed with the aim of identifying and mitigating error sources that can strongly affect the measurement. More specifically, those introduced by lens distortion are present in wide-field-of-view lens such as VSCs. A weak model, which is not able to properly describe and correct the lens distortion, could introduce systematic errors. This study focuses on the aspect of camera calibration to verify human height extraction by Amped FIVE software, which is adopted by the Forensic science laboratories of Carabinieri Force (RaCIS), Italy. A stable and reliable approach of camera calibration is needed since investigators have to deal with different cameras while inspecting the crime scene. The performance of the software in correcting distorted images is compared with a technique of single view self-calibration. Both approaches were applied to several frames acquired by a fish-eye camera and then measuring the height of five different people. Moreover, two actual cases, both characterized by common low-resolution and distorted images, were also analyzed. The height of four known persons was measured and used as reference value for validation. Results show no significant difference between the two calibration approaches working with fish-eye camera in test field, while evidence of differences was found in the measurement on the actual cases.     

Vicarious liability and criminal prosecutions for regulatory offences

The parameters of vicarious liability of corporations for the conduct of their employees, especially in the context of provisions that criminalise breaches of regulatory provisions, are complex. The decision of Bell J in ABC Developmental Learning Centres Pty Ltd v Wallace [2006] VSC 171 raises starkly the potential unfairness of an approach which converts criminal liability of corporations too readily into absolute liability, irrespective of the absence of any form of proven culpability. The author queries whether fault should not be brought back in some form to constitute a determinant of criminal liability for corporations.     

A rapid and sensitive method for the identification of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

This paper proposes a new approach for automatic classification of counterfeit Viagra(?) and Cialis(?) tablets using image processing and statistical analysis. A high resolution VSC 5000 is used for image acquisition in a controlled environment, and the combination of a thresholding technique with morphological operators is used to segment the tablet from the background. A statistical model based on the RGB color components of original samples is built, and the detection of counterfeit tablets was performed by checking the adherence of a test sample to the obtained distribution using the Bhattacharyya distance. Our experimental results indicated that counterfeit tablets can be effective detected using the proposed approach.     

Evaluation of two instrumental methods of comparing writing paper

An organization had approved the sample of writing paper, and accordingly the supplier had to execute the supply. The supply received was suspected to be of different quality from approved one. The organization sent the samples for comparison to the Forensic Science Laboratory. Both the approved and supplied samples were compared using Tensile Testing Method with the Material Testing Machine and Fluorescence and spectral analysis using the Video Spectral Comparator (VSC2000). The difference between the mean loads at peak before rupture in the tensile testing mode for the two samples was about 33%. The two samples differed significantly in terms of UV fluorescence, and there was about 5% average difference in the percentage of maximum reflected intensity in the wavelength region of 400-900 nm. It has been observed in this study that these two methods can adequately distinguish paper samples of different origin.     

Re Herrington: aboriginality and the quality of human rights jurisprudence in end-of-life decisions by the Australian judiciary

In Re Herrington [2007] VSC 151 (King's Case) the partner and family of an Aboriginal woman (diagnosed as being in a persistent vegetative state after an accident) sought an order from the Victorian Supreme Court that the decision of her treating doctors to withhold further medical treatment be opposed. The resultant judicial decision contains a very brief review of the now considerable case law in this area, does not mention the increasingly important role of clinical ethics committees in this context, or discuss the relevance of recently passed human rights legislation in Victoria. Given the statutory requirement for judicial reference to international human rights norms in jurisdictions such as Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory, and their increasing importance in other developed nations, the authors highlight the need for the Australian judiciary to lift the quality of their jurisprudence in relation to end-of-life cases.