The advantages of establishing the species classification of blood and other biological objects by the IFR in a quantitative modification

A quantitative modification of immunofluorescent test (IFT) is described. It was used for species identification of blood stains on material evidence objects. This modification is 1000 times more sensitive than electrophoretic methods traditionally used for this purpose in forensic medicine. Computer processing of the results helps objectively and persuasively determine the species appurtenance of blood and other biological objects. Results of the test represented as histograms should be attached to forensic medical conclusions as proofs for the court.     

The combination of mixed agglutination and immunofluorescence reactions for the simultaneous detection of 2 ABO-system antigens in isolated cells]

A combination of two immunologic tests, mixed agglutination and immunofluorescence, is suggested, that permits the detection of two AB0 system antigens in the same cell within one process. Such mode better validates the conclusion on the group appurtenance of cells, for instance, in analyses of mixed stains originating from different subjects with different blood groups.     

Use of amelogenin test for DNA sex appurtenance in analysis of mixed biological traces

Theoretical and experimental study of amelogenin tests system for identification of DNA sex appurtenance has been performed. In many cases amplification can fail to reflect the true quantitative ratio between the mixture components during typing sex-specific variants of amelogenin gene in DNA preparations of mixed sex appurtenance. In practical studies these properties of the amelogenin system can lead to difficulties and errors in interpretation of the results of forensic medical expert evaluations, and we therefore studied the use of amelogenin DNA test for identification of sex appurtenance of mixed biological traces and compared the characteristics of autosomal PDAF system and amelogenin system for sex identification in analysis of DNA mixtures.     

Incidence of GM-system factors in indigenous peoples of Buryatia

Distribution of blood groups by the serum Gm system was studied in Buryats and in the entire population of Buryatia without consideration for the national appurtenance and with consideration for sex. Differences in the incidence of the factors were detected.     

Morphology of hairs on the head and other parts of the body in the residents of Africa

The morphology of hairs from the head, beard, chest, armpits, and pubis was studied in indigenous population of Sudan, Sierra-Leone, Cote d'Ivoir, Ruanda, Nigeria, Gambia, Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, Zaire, Southern African Republic, Angola, Benin, and Guinea Bissau. A total of 327 hair specimens were examined. A number of new parameters of hairs were determined: thickness, number of cuticle pattern lines per mm, optic edge pattern, cuticle patterns, methods for detecting the cortical and medullar layers, width of hair layers and their transverse sections. The resultant morphological signs are new specific signs for African residents (Negroid) which can be used in forensic medical studies for identifying the race appurtenance of hairs.     

Craniometric diagnosis of skeletal and somatotype mass

The paper presents diagnostic models for evaluation of ash mass (bone fragments, bone ashes), sex, length and mass of the burned body. Individual data by M. Warren and W. Maples (1997) on 85 adult Americans were used. On the basis of a canonical discriminant analysis and multiple linear regression equations the authors have developed models for diagnosis of ash residue mass as well as the burned body's sex, body length and mass. The above models can be used directly on the place of the criminal body cremation. They do not require determination of anatomic appurtenance of bone fragments and their osteometric examination.     

Complex study of the tongue mucosa for identification of a person

Patterns of the dorsal surface of the mucosa of the tongue was studied in order to detect its specific features in 749 normal subjects of both sexes aged 5-85 years (422 men and 327 women). Racial characteristics of the tongue mucosa structure were studied in 114 foreign students from Africa and Asia. Tongues of 272 corpses of both sexes were examined. A complex of modern methods was used: measurements of geometric parameters, plaster models, computer studies, etc. Unidimensional and multidimensional mathematical analysis helped detect the most significant identification signs of the mucosa of the tongue. The results enabled the authors to create a mathematical model of the tongue allowing identification of sex, age, and ethnic appurtenance.     

Trace Evidence Potential in Postmortem Skin Microbiomes: From Death Scene to Morgue

Microbes can be used effectively as trace evidence, at least in research settings. However, it is unknown whether skin microbiomes change prior to autopsy and, if so, whether these changes interfere with linking objects to decedents. The current study included microbiomes from 16 scenes of death in the City and County of Honolulu and tested whether objects at the scenes can be linked to individual decedents. Postmortem skin microbiomes were stable during repeated sampling up to 60 h postmortem and were similar to microbiomes of an antemortem population. Objects could be traced to decedents approximately 75% of the time, with smoking pipes and medical devices being especially accurate (100% match), house and car keys being poor (0%), and other objects like phones intermediate (~80%). These results show that microbes from objects at death scenes can be matched to individual decedents, opening up a new method of establishing associations and identifications.     

侵入性创伤的微分析——死亡方式的多学科综合分析法

通过概述荷兰法庭科学研究所内法医病理学、法医人类学、工具痕迹学及微量物证学多学科联合进行致伤物推断及致伤物认定的方法。不同领域的法庭科学专家对于案件的检验结果可以相互印证,综合分析各专业检验结果后,得出案件的鉴定结论,并为法庭提供最有效的证据。多学科交叉检验的方法得出的结论,显示出极高的法庭证据价值,更为重要的是能够为致伤物推断和认定提供刑事侦查方向。     

枪击案件中射击残留物提取方法的探讨

目的结合现场勘查提取和实验研究,探讨了几种提取射击残留物的不同方法。方法采用富集浓缩、颗粒收集等方法。结果运用上述方法提取了附着在玻璃、汽车、塑料和织物上弹孔周围的射击残留物。结论收到良好的效果,大大提高了射击残留物提取率和检出率。     

“502”胶液体显现潜手印技术的研究

目的研究探索"502"胶溶液显现手印的方法.方法以石油醚为分散剂,添加对苯二酚作为显现增强剂,配制"502"胶显现液.结果能够显现非渗透客体上油质加、减层手印、加减层混合手印及普通汗潜手印,其显现效果与"502"胶熏显法非常相似.结论该方法具有方便、快捷、灵敏等特点,是"502"胶显现手印技术的重要补充.     

Analyzing Forensic Evidence Based on Density with Magnetic Levitation

This paper describes a method for determining the density of contact trace objects with magnetic levitation (MagLev). MagLev measurements accurately determine the density (±0.0002 g/cm³) of a diamagnetic object and are compatible with objects that are nonuniform in shape and size. The MagLev device (composed of two permanent magnets with like poles facing) and the method described provide a means of accurately determining the density of trace objects. This method is inexpensive, rapid, and verifiable and provides numerical values—independent of the specific apparatus or analyst—that correspond to the absolute density of the sample that may be entered into a searchable database. We discuss the feasibility of MagLev as a possible means of characterizing forensic‐related evidence and demonstrate the ability of MagLev to (i) determine the density of samples of glitter and gunpowder, (ii) separate glitter particles of different densities, and (iii) determine the density of a glitter sample that was removed from a complex sample matrix.     

Analysis of patterned injuries and injury-causing instruments with forensic 3D/CAD supported photogrammetry (FPHG): an instruction manual for the documentation process

Forensic 3D/CAD supported photogrammetry (FPHG) is a method of recording and documenting the surface of small objects, thus enabling a three-dimensional image of these objects in virtual space. With this representation on the computer screen the course of forensically relevant events can be reconstructed. The procedure allows for examining patterned injuries of skin, soft tissue or bones for matching potentially incriminated instruments in shape, size and angle.3D recording of objects to be examined requires taking series of photographs. A computer system then calculates the position in space of certain points on the surface of the objects and subsequently produces 3D data models of the objects. Using a 3D/CAD program these data models are used to generate graphic true-to-object volume models.The objects in question can then be moved against each other arbitrarily on the screen-depending on the questions to be answered-in order to compare them and possibly establish their congruence.This article covers the state of the art in FPHG procedures in the form of a step-by-step instruction. It also illustrates the wide range of FPHG applications.     

公安思想政治教育工作实效性研究

要使公安思想政治教育工作取得实效,必须认真分析思想政治教育中各种相关因素,从思想政治教育主体、方法、对象、情景入手,从而使思想政治教育对象朝着教育主体所指引的目标前进。     

Matching tire tracks on the head using forensic photogrammetry

In the field of the documentation of forensics-relevant injuries, from the reconstructive point of view, the forensic, CAD-supported photogrammetry plays an important role; particularly so when a detailed 3-D reconstruction is vital. This is demonstrated with a soft-tissue injury to the face caused by being run over by a car tire. Since the objects (injury and surface of the tire) to be investigated will be evaluated in virtual space, they must be series photographed. These photo sequences are then evaluated with the RolleiMetric multi-image evaluation system. This system measures and calculates the spatial location of points shown in the photo sequences, and creates 3-D data models of the objects.In a 3-D CAD program, the model of the injury is then compared against the model of the possible injury-causing instrument.The validation of the forensic, CAD-supported photogrammetry, as shown by the perfect 3-D match between the tire tread and the facial injury, demonstrates how greatly this 3-D method surpasses the classic 2-D overlay method (one-to-one photography).     

The restrictase analysis of human DNA as a method for determining genetic sex in forensic biological expertise]

In this article phenomena related to sex heteromorphism of restrictase hydrolysates of DNA, isolated from objects of expert analysis was recommended for use. The performed investigations allow one to work out the system of discriminating sex of biological objects, based on restrictase analysis of human DNA and on registration of sex-specific restrictase fragments. Possibilities of method and its value for gene-identification expertise were illustrated using certain cases from expert practice.     

The primary investigation of material evidence and the evaluation of its suitability for expert biological identification by genomic "dactyloscopy"

Use of DNA "fingerprinting" method for biological analysis of material evidences exhibit new potentials for making concrete expert conclusions. But such expertise is time consuming and difficult to perform that's why it is important to evaluate fitness of expert material for DNA fingerprinting at early stages of object investigation. Method of preliminary treatment of objects sent for DNA fingerprint expertise in case of sexual assault is suggested and tested. This method allows one to evaluate objects easily from the standpoint of possibility to perform such investigation.     

男、女戒毒劳教人员精神卫生状况的对照研究

目的采用目前较为成熟的人格、心理测量量表,研究戒毒劳教人员的人格特征、心理卫生状况。方法对16～61岁的508名戒毒劳教人员(其中男性258人,女性250人)进行MMPI、SCL-90的测试。结果MMPI测试显示男性戒毒劳教人员Hs、Pd、Pa、Pt、Sc、Ma均高于临界值,以Hs和Pa为最高;女性Hs、Pd、Pt、Sc均高于临界值,以Hs和Pd为最高。SCL-90测试显示戒毒劳教人员在各因子分上均高于中国常模,女性甚于男性。结论戒毒劳教人员普遍存在个性特征异常和心理卫生问题,男性者个性特征异常更为突出,女性者心理卫生状况尤其值得关注。     

The effect of re-annealing on the distribution of refractive index in a windscreen and a windowpane classification of glass samples

Tiny glass fragments of two typical objects being of interest in forensic investigations: car windscreen and windowpane were examined from the point of view of their importance as crime evidence. Both examined objects were made from float glass and were toughened. The present paper concerns examination of refractive index distribution across the objects under investigation before and after the glass fragments were annealed according to previously chosen procedure. The annealing procedure was carried out in order to increase discrimination power of refractive index (RI). The following conclusions can be drawn from the results obtained. For both examined objects the mean RI was significantly higher after annealing and, at the same time, standard deviations in RI were smaller. The distributions of RI for both examined objects appeared not to be normal; the deviations from normality were observed at both sides of RI distributions. It was found that the difference in the values DeltaRI (difference between mean values of RI after annealing and before annealing) for both examined object was not significant and thus it would be not a good parameter to differentiate between two heat strengthen objects. The attempt to classify 181 glass samples on the basis of theirs RI and DeltaRI was performed. Increased discrimination of glass samples was observed.     

我国合议制裁判的缺陷及其完善——基于决策理论的分析

合议制裁判是多个人在法律规范的框架内进行判断与决策的行为,遵循群体决策行为的基本规律。群体决策的绩效受决策目标、群体规模、群体意识、决策能力、决策时间、交互方式、集结规则、外部环境等多种因素的影响,以此标准逐一衡量,我国合议制裁判在诸多方面存在缺陷,需要基于群体决策理论的相关结论,有针对性地进行改革与完善。