如何做好对政府公共决策风险的预测和评估——基于“4.10”万盛事件的反思

危机既是机遇又是挑战,公共决策中的风险无处不在,做好对政府公共决策风险的预测和评估是避免危机的重要法宝。对危机的预测和评估不仅要进行决策前评估更要进行决策中和决策后的评估,只有通过完善政府决策机制、评估机制,调动各方力量来参与政策的制定才能最大限度的避免危机。     

论政府决策法治化

政府决策是政府管理公共事务的一项基本职能,依照现代法治的理念和精神,政府的一切行为都必须接受宪法和法律的支配和制约,政府决策也应当如此,应该尽快提高法治化水平。根据当前我国政府决策法治化进程中存在的问题,应该继续在政府决策中强化法治观念、推进决策程序的规范化和制度化、完善政府决策监督制度和决策责任追究制度。     

加强我国公共危机决策者的决策能力

近几年,随着危机事件的频繁发生,给社会及人类造成了巨大的损失,这就要求我国公共部门提高对危机事件的管理能力,而危机决策是危机管理的先导,危机决策水平高低直接影响危机管理的成败。危机决策对我国公共危机决策者的能力提出了极大的挑战。本文针对此问题研究了如何提高我国公共危机决策者的决策能力。     

我国政府决策科学化的思考

政府决策是政府公共管理的关键环节,是政府其它管理环节的前提和基础。国际形势变化、国内改革发展、科学发展观战略的实施都要求政府决策科学化,政府决策科学化有利于提高我国政府决策水平和促进我国政府管理现代化。针对目前我国政府决策中存在许多方面需要加强科学化的现实,需要从决策观念、决策体制、决策制度、决策程序、决策方法和手段等角度推进政府决策科学化。     

我国政府决策机制优缺点及完善对策——以我国政府应对国际金融危机的决策为例

金融海啸在美国一触即发,并以很快的速度席卷全球,各国政府面对强大的金融危机纷纷拿出应对措施。在这次危机中,中国政府和美国的措施格外引人瞩目。在双方决策的背后却能显示出双方在政治决策体制方面的显著差异。这种差异值得我们反思。     

关于优化我国现行公共决策机制的思考

本文认为我国公共决策机制存在着程序环节不够严谨,科学化、民主化和法制化程度不高,少数决策者素质不高,决策的方法、手段滞后等问题。为此必须树立现代决策观念,营造良好的决策环境,全面提高决策者的素质,健全公共决策的各项制度,改进行政决策的技术,建立严格科学决策责任制,减少政府公权以减少决策失误。     

律师参与政府重大决策若干问题研究

一、律师参与政府重大决策的必要性（一）我国政府重大决策中存在的主要问题随着我国经济社会的迅速发展,传统的政府决策模式已经不能适应新的形势需要,由此导致的决策失误给国家和人民造成了巨大的经济损失。传统的政府决策的弊端主要有：（1）决策权过分集中,＂谁官大谁说了算,谁权大谁说了算＂的现象普遍存在,政府决策的程序和规则流于形式;     

我国政府决策的责任分析

决策是政府行使其管理职能的首要环节。近年来,我国政府在推进政府决策科学化、民主化的过程中,逐步建立起了政府公共决策的报告制度、评估制度等制度体系,取得了一定成效。但是,按照社会主义政治文明建设与和谐社会目标的要求,我国政府决策依然存在着一些问题。为了解决这些问题,更好地为社会主义市场经济建设和政治体制改革服务,构建政府决策的责任机制已势在必行。     

论行政决策的智囊系统

行政决策是现代管理决策一种具体型态，是政府履行国家管理职能而进行的决策活动。完整的行政决策组织系统主要由信息系统、智囊系统和决断系统三部分组成。随着人类社会活动的复杂化加剧和科学技术的快速发展，智囊系统在行政决策过程中的作用越来越重要。 一、现代行政决策的智囊系统的形成、特点及作用。 自古到今，人们不难看出．决策活动与智囊是不可分离的。本世纪三、四十年代，产生了现代组织化、科学化的决策智囊系统。在社会化大生产和科学技术高度发达的现代行政决策面临的问题越来越复杂化、专业化，单靠行政决策者一个人能力及…     

公共危机决策中的道德因素引介

公共危机决策是我们有效处理公共危机的一个重要组成部分,然而我们在研究公共危机决策时往往只注重法律和技术层面,而对其中的道德因素却缺乏深入的研究。本文在探讨公共危机决策的道德特性的基础上,对在公共危机决策中如何引入道德因素提出了一些建议。     

Parent-adolescent congruence on decision-making and its relation to adolescent adjustment

Much attention has been paid to the nature of parent-adolescent relationships, with a frequent conclusion being that it is a time of marked disagreement between parents and their adolescents. However, other literature suggests that this time is not inherently conflictual. The purpose of this study was to examine agreement and disagreement between mothers, fathers, and adolescents on specific issues. Then, adolescent adjustment was assessed, and the degree to which it was a function of congruence with parents was examined. A modified version of the Issues Checklist was used to measure intrafamily agreement; the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist and the Harter Scale of Child's Actual Competence were completed by adolescents' social studies teachers to assess adolescent functioning. Relative to their parents, adolescents reported that they should make more decisions alone, while both mothers and fathers reported that decisions should be made jointly among all family members. Only father-adolescent congruence was found consistently to be related to adolescent functioning. Possible explanations for the present results and relevant issues pertaining to family agreement are discussed.     

Clarity,surprises, and further questions in the Article 29 Working Party draft guidance on automated decision-making and profiling

The Article 29 Data Protection Working Party's recent draft guidance on automated decision-making and profiling seeks to clarify European data protection (DP) law's little-used right to prevent automated decision-making, as well as the provisions around profiling more broadly, in the run-up to the General Data Protection Regulation. In this paper, we analyse these new guidelines in the context of recent scholarly debates and technological concerns. They foray into the less-trodden areas of bias and non-discrimination, the significance of advertising, the nature of “solely” automated decisions, impacts upon groups and the inference of special categories of data—at times, appearing more to be making or extending rules than to be interpreting them. At the same time, they provide only partial clarity – and perhaps even some extra confusion – around both the much discussed “right to an explanation” and the apparent prohibition on significant automated decisions concerning children. The Working Party appears to feel less mandated to adjudicate in these conflicts between the recitals and the enacting articles than to explore altogether new avenues. Nevertheless, the directions they choose to explore are particularly important ones for the future governance of machine learning and artificial intelligence in Europe and beyond.     

Coordination outside formal organization: consensus-based decision-making and occupation in the Occupy Wall Street movement

Previous work has shown that a vital component for successful collective action is formal organization, in particular because it facilitates internal coordination. But how is coordination achieved in the absence of formal organization? To answer this question, this article presents findings drawn from an ethnographic study on Occupy Wall Street (OWS) in New York City. It first introduces the concept of ‘autonomy’ to discuss the particular challenge faced within the decentralized structure of OWS of developing coordination. It then shows how the practice of holding mass assemblies and the occupation of Zuccotti Park itself each served, in incidental and unintentional ways, as mechanisms of coordination. These findings confirm previous work on the importance of coordination and build upon it by demonstrating that not only is coordination possible outside formal organization, but that it is also in some cases achieved without conscious intention. This suggests the utility of moving beyond an overly rational understanding of social action by acknowledging the inevitability of unforeseen outcomes.     

Sexual harassment stories: testing a story-mediated model of juror decision-making in civil litigation

The story model of juror decision-making proposes that jurors use personal experience and information presented at trial to create stories that guide their verdicts. This model has received strong empirical support in studies using criminal cases. The research presented here extends the story model to civil litigation and tests a story-mediated model against an unmediated model of jury decision-making. In Phase 1, content analysis of mock juror responses to 4 realistic sexual harassment cases revealed prototypic plaintiff and defense stories. In Phase 2, these prototypic stories were included as mediators in a model predicting verdicts in 4 additional sexual harassment cases. Mock juror attitudes, experiences, and demographics were assessed, then attorneys presented abbreviated versions of 4 actual sexual harassment cases. Path analyses provided support for the story-mediated model, which added significantly to the amount of variance accounted for in the outcome measures of verdict, commitment to verdict, and confidence times verdict. Implications for sexual harassment and other types of civil cases are discussed.     

论政府决策失误责任追究制

自改革开放以来,我国中央政府就一直强调要实现决策科学化与民主化。经过20多年来的努力,中央已基本实现由传统经验模式向现代科学模式的转变。但在地方各级政府决策中,失误的现象却屡禁不止,给国家和社会造成了巨大损失。造成这种现象的原因在于我国未能建立有效的决策失误责任追究制。     

The European Union in international environmental negotiations: a legal perspective on the internal decision-making process

From an EU point of view, most international environmental agreements are mixed. This means that both the European Community (EC) and its member states are party to the agreement. As the participation of the EC in international negotiations and agreements is properly arranged by the Treaty establishing the European Community, but the EU member states’ participation is not legally organized on the EU level, the internal decision-making process regarding mixed agreements is rather complicated. Insights into this process are needed to understand the representation and the role of the European Union in international environmental negotiations. This article clarifies the legal framework of the EU decision-making process regarding such negotiations.

Emotional responsiveness in convicted fraudsters: a study on baseline activation of the anterior insula and its influence on moral decision-making

Low emotional responsiveness promotes utilitarian decision-making on moral dilemmas. Based on the assumption that fraudsters use their emotional competence to deceive their victims, their emotional responsiveness is not expected to be protective against utilitarian decision-making. The present study investigates the key role of emotional responsiveness in relation to moral decision-making in 11 imprisoned fraudsters, 10 imprisoned violent offenders, and 11 non-offenders. Participants’ neural baseline activation of bilateral anterior insula (AI) was used as an indicator for emotional responsiveness. Results indicate that fraudsters and non-offenders have a higher right AI baseline activation than violent offenders. Yet, fraudsters and violent offenders show a stronger tendency towards utilitarian decisions than non-offenders. The predictive power of AI baseline activation on moral decision-making reaches significance only for fraudsters. Results give evidence that fraudsters are highly sensitive to their emotional state of mind, which, contrary to our expectation, exerts a strong influence on their moral decisions.     

论行政决策法治化与服务型政府建设的耦合

行政决策法治化是现代政府建设的重要内容。行政决策法治化的根本动力和价值追求是公众权利的实现与保障。行政决策法治化通过行政决策科学化和民主化与服务型政府建设在公众权利的实现与保障上达到耦合,耦合的基本要求是公众参与制度化、利益团体多元化、信息公开规范化、监督形式多样化及责任追究明确化。