中德(日)犯罪成立体系比较分析

我国刑法界目前正在进行"犯罪构成体系重构或者完善"的讨论。"重构说"强调应以德国及日本的犯罪成立体系为参照,对源自前苏联的我国通说性犯罪构成体系进行全面改造,而"完善说"对通说体系的态度则以调适修补为基调。因而,站在解说中国问题的立场对德日体系之利弊得失作出评析,便尽显必要。     

犯罪构成符合性判断的价值属性辩正

在立法层面，犯罪构成是立法者所作的价值判断；在司法层面，犯罪构成符合性判断是司法者所作的价值判断；在我国与大陆法系犯罪论体系之比较层面，我国的犯罪构成符合性判断也应是价值判断。因而，价值判断当属我国犯罪构成符合性判断的灵魂，进而应是整个刑法问题的核心。     

“四要件论”——质疑犯罪标准引论

20世纪50年代引自苏联的犯罪构成四要件理论,在新刑法确立罪刑法定原则、废除类推制度后,缺陷凸现,已不能适应新形势下司法实践的要求,难以提供犯罪标准.依犯罪标准为目标的犯罪构成理论应坚持法定性和实践性原则,在科学地解释刑法中对犯罪的全部规定基础上,建立符合刑事司法实践内在逻辑、逐级深化的开放式立体体系.重构犯罪标准理论体系,对于落实罪刑法定原则、解决原理论与司法实践脱节的缺陷,满足司法人员定罪需要具有极其重要的意义.     

犯罪构成功能论

成文刑法作为概念/符号系统,在观照具体事案时不可避免地有其自身局限.要适应生活现实,就需要解释刑法--犯罪构成乃刑法解释学在刑法文本基础上所建构之理论模型,即属于一种理论层面上自觉自为的犯罪认知体系.不同法系基于各自历史原因自会形成其操控刑法甄别犯罪之不同认知体系.犯罪构成作为理论模型具有三大认知功能--进行条件列示、作出语义阐释和提供路径导向,三大功能之协同运作才可致静态的刑法文本循理论范式诱导而准确切入事案.     

我国犯罪构成理论的反思与重构

我国刑法学界虽然对犯罪构成的表述各异，但其共同点就是指犯罪成立的条件，因此，犯罪构成与犯罪成立几乎是等同的概念。但是，随着新刑法对罪刑法定原则的确定，该原则不仅具有“入罪”的一面，其在“出罪”的一面更应引起学界的重视，特别是在我国这样有着重刑传统的国家。在比较大陆法系和英美法系犯罪构成体系的基础上，针对我国犯罪构成体系出罪功能之欠缺，提出自己的初步看法。     

规范的犯罪成立要件、刑法免责与我国犯罪构成理论

一国的犯罪构成理论应当与该国刑法规范的犯罪成立要件形成动态的符合关系。无论维持、改良还是重构我国犯罪构成理论,规范的犯罪成立要件都是一个不能回避的视域。比较我国与德国、瑞典、芬兰刑法规范犯罪成立要件,具体免责事由的缺失是我国刑法规范的犯罪成立要件最大的不足。完善我国犯罪构成理论,应当从发展我国刑法免责理论、完善刑法免责立法开始。     

以罪名为讨论平台的反思与纠正

我国刑法学界存在以罪名作为问题讨论平台的现象,但是,由最高司法机关确定的罪名与刑法规定的犯罪构成之间大多并非一一对应的关系,“多罪一名”是我国罪名体系的显著特征,以罪名作为问题讨论平台会带来诸多理论上难以妥善处理的问题。在刑法学研究中,应当严格区分罪名和犯罪这两个概念。刑法学的研究对象是犯罪,讨论刑法问题的基本平台只能是犯罪构成而不是罪名,分析刑法问题的基本单元是“一个犯罪构成”而不是“一个罪名”。罪数中的“罪”是指犯罪构成而不是罪名,具体的事实认识错误是指“同一犯罪构成”内的事实认识错误而非“同一罪名”内的事实认识错误,罪过是犯罪构成的罪过而非罪名的罪过。     

两大法系犯罪论体系的比较与借鉴

犯罪构成体系是刑法理论体系的核心,有“刑法理论体系王冠上的宝石”之美誉。当今世界,以德、日为代表的大陆法系的犯罪论体系和英美法系的犯罪论体系颇有影响。本文分析了两大法系犯罪论体系的构造,比较了两大法系犯罪论体系的异同,并就两大法系犯罪论体系对我国犯罪构成体系的借鉴意义作了探讨。     

对我国犯罪构成的思考——与传统大陆法系的犯罪论体系相比较

犯罪构成理论是刑法学的基石,也是刑法学中内容最为庞大和复杂的一部分,由于受前苏联刑法学的影响,我国的犯罪构成理论与传统大陆法系的犯罪论体系有相当的不同,近些年我国刑法学界指出了诸多我国犯罪构成理论的弊端,提出了相当的批评意见,也为我国犯罪构成的重构提出了诸多的设想。本文将我国犯罪构成理论与传统犬陆法系的犯罪论体系从理论的整体功能、刑事辩护等几个方面略作比较。文中认为我国犯罪构成理论重构的必然的发展方向是彻底的废除现存的理论制度,但就目前我国司法的现状,我们不可能立马移植适用德、日的三阶理论。     

辩护人伪造证据、妨害作证罪的三个问题——以李庄案为例

李庄案不但涉及辩护人伪造证据、妨害作证罪的司法认定，而且还涉及一系列基础的犯罪论问题。李庄“利用会见龚刚模之机，向龚刚模宣读同案人供述，教唆龚刚模编造被公安机关刑讯逼供的供述”的行为，不能毫无例外地简单地认定为辩护人帮助伪造证据的行为；同时，不能将一般的“引诱”证人违背事实改变证言或者作伪证的行为认定为犯罪，而应明确限制为“以暴力、威胁、贿买等方法”指使证人违背事实改变证言或者作伪证的行为才能构成犯罪。辩护人伪造证据、妨害作证罪同时兼备行为犯与结果犯的双重特征，以辩护人伪造证据、妨害作证罪是结果犯，作为李庄无罪辩护的实体法理论依据本身缺乏充分的刑法规范依据和刑法理论支撑。我国应采取明确限缩犯罪成立最低规格的立法政策和立法技术，重新构建中国犯罪构成理论体系，在中国犯罪构成论体系内将标准的犯罪构成、修正的犯罪构成与犯罪成立最低规格标准等犯罪论关系范畴进行周延的逻辑梳理，实现中国犯罪构成论体系的逻辑自洽。     

Toolmark Identification of a Mattock to a Clod of Soil from a Grave

Abstract: At a recent bushland gravesite that contained a deceased male, a clod of soil displaying a striated toolmark was collected during the excavation of the grave. This clod was preserved, and the mark was cast using Mikrosil?. Shovels and a mattock, which had been discarded by the suspects, were subsequently found at another location. A toolmark comparison identified the hoe end of the mattock head as having produced the striated toolmark.     

Finding of a bullet in the cervical column of a body hit by a train

This case is about the finding of a body of an unidentified male of approximately 70 years of age who was hit by a train. During the carrying out of the corresponding autopsy and after the radiological tests for posterior odontological identification, a foreign body of a cylindrical-cone shape, identical to that of a bullet, was found lodged between the first and second cervical vertebrae. During dissection of the neck, a bullet was found. When the ballistic test was carried out, it was ascertained that the bullet was from a cartridge of 7.92 by 57-mm Mauser caliber, manufactured in Spain in 1936. This ammunition corresponds to that used during the Civil War in Spain (1936-1939). After the identification of the body, it was proved that the bullet was the result of a war wound. However, the victim had been unaware of the existence of the bullet, which had remained in his body for 50 years.     

Reconstruction of a suicide by a homemade firearm

A 34 years old man shot himself by a selfmade muzzle-loader. He pluged one end of a waterpipe, used a cylindrical lead shot (Cal. 1.2 cm, length 2.15 cm, mass 22.7 g), special black powder (about 4 g, from fire-crackers; powder with an admixture of aluminium) and kindled the weapon in front of his chest by a slowmatch. He died immediately by retained missile of chest. The weapon flew away like a rocket. Unused projectils and powder (found in the flat) and the uninjured pipe allowed to copy the event. Velocity and energy of shot and weapon were determined, also the recoil of the pipe and the highest force of a hand to hold it fast. Experimental investigations and calculations correspondet well to the findings af the case.     

Estimation of the quantity of a drug in a consignment from measurements on a sample

A consignment of individual packages is thought to contain illegal material, such as drugs, in some or all of the packages. A sample from the consignment is inspected and the quantity of drugs in each package of the sample is measured. It is desired to estimate the total quantity of drugs in the consignment. Sampling variation is present in the original measurements and it is not sufficient just to adjust the sample mean pro rata. An analysis is described which takes account of the uncertainty concerning the proportion of the packages that contain drugs and provides a probabilistic summary of the quantity of drugs in the consignment. In particular, a probabilistic lower bound for the quantity of drugs in the consignment is given, which is dependent on the required standard of proof. This is in contrast to the approach based on confidence intervals which assumes that in the long run, the interval will contain the correct quantity the appropriate proportion of the time, but gives no measure of uncertainty associated with the particular consignment under consideration.     

The influence of a shot distance on a profile of a wound canal in flat bones

Experimental shots were made from rifled weapons, from different distances, at isolated flat bones. There was established a significantly increased angle of the axial section of the cone-shaped defect due to the expanding sizes of the exit part of the wound canal (WC) and of the outlet opening as the shot distances increased. An expert's evaluation is offered to assess a shot distance involving the WC profile and by calculating an angle of the axial section of the cone-shaped defect on the basis of the inlet and outlet sizes and of the flat-bone thickness.     

Co-Evolution of a University Department and a Dance Company: Creation of Value of Art in a Community

In Korea, arts and culture in the provinces are at a disadvantage in many aspects. We examine the difficulties of being a provincial dance organization. We analyze the strategies to overcome these difficulties and the resulting process of the co-evolution of a department of dance at a provincial university and its offshoot dance company. In their endeavor for survival, these dance organizations seek to be a part of the community with community dance programs that induce the participation of residents. The resulting values created in the community of the Western District of Daejeon City and the success factors of these organizations are also analyzed. Some implications of the co-evolutionary process to other provincial dance organizations are discussed.     

The place of a forensic archaeologist at a crime scene involving a buried body

This paper examines the place that forensic archaeologists should hold at scenes of crime where a body has been buried. The forensic archaeologist is rapidly becoming a key player whose specialty should be explained, and role defined. A high level of interaction between the forensic archaeologist and other personnel implies good communications skills as well as a precarious mix of receiving orders, assistance and advice as well as giving directions to other staff. The extent to which each of these should be applied will be discussed as well as underlying the absolute need for forensic archaeologist to attend these types of scenes.