To Arbitrate or To Litigate: That Is the Question

The benefits of interjurisdictional competition, particularly with a customary law option, are discussed. Arbitration can be a mechanism for choosing among systems of substantive law if effective sanctions back arbitration. Powerful groups capture wealth by manipulating monopolized law, however, and arbitrators' decisions must correspond with expectations about how they will be viewed under review if a coercive monopoly provides sanctions, so conditions necessary for establishing alternative sanctions are explored. Finally, historical efforts to eliminate or absorb customary commercial law are discussed in light of the analysis of interjurisdictional competition, and the potential for encouraging such competition in emerging markets is considered.     

论对尸体的合法利用和保护

尸体就其法律性质而言,并不是普通的物。尸体上存在着延续的身体权利益,这种利益因受到法律的保护而成为身体法益。保护合法利用和制止非法侵害是保护尸体的两个方面。为加强监管利用尸体和器官的行为,应尽快制定《器官移植法》等相关法律,健全保护尸体的法律规范。     

Discretion to Use Rules: Individual Interests and Collective Welfare in School Admissions

This article examines the approaches of British education authorities towards school admission decisions. Two models of case-level decision making in social programs are developed— the individual client orientation which focuses on using discretion to adapt decisions to the needs and choices of particular clients and the collective welfare orientation which emphasizes developing bureaucratic rules and procedures to decide cases efficiently. Education authorities use their discretion about how to decide school admissions to adopt primarily collective welfare approaches. Their emphasis on efficient rules and procedures continue even after parents are given rights of school choice that require an individualized examination of each parent's request. In the conclusion, the persistence of the primarily collective welfare orientations in school admissions is used to examine the pressures towards similar orientations that exist in all social programs.     

To Filter or Not To Filter: The Role of the Public Library in Determining Internet Access

To filter or not to filter-that is the question facing public librarians who are trying to decide whether to install Internet blocking software on computers. The filtering question hinges on the First Amendment, balancing adults' rights to constitutionally protected speech against the protection of minors and determining what materials might be considered harmful to minors. The purposes of this article are to examine the theoretical and practical aspects of blocking Internet content and to analyze the 1998 federal district court's ruling that found a Virginia library's filtering policy was unconstitutional. In addition, this article will review alternatives designed to protect minors and propose a three-pronged solution that both ensures adults' access to constitutionally protected speech and restores decision-making to the family in protecting minors from harm.     

Compulsory Licensing in Canada and Thailand: Comparing Regimes to Ensure Legitimate Use of the WTO Rules

This paper examines two recent examples of compulsory licensing legislation: one globally embraced regime and one internationally controversial regime operating under the same WTO rules. In particular, we consider Canadian legislation and the use of compulsory licensing for HIV/AIDS drugs destined for a developing country. This is then contrasted with the conditions under which Thai authorities are pursuing compulsory licenses, the outcomes of their compulsory licenses, as well as the likely impact of the Thai policy. Finally, we construct a rubric to evaluate characteristics of a successful regime. This is used to analyze the Canadian and Thai regimes and frame the expected implications of each national policy. It is hoped that the assessment will guide changes to compulsory licensing design to ensure that legitimate regimes are embraced while illegitimate ones are disallowed.     

Moral Reasoning and the Use of Procedural Justice Rules in Hypothetical and Real-Life Dilemmas

The use of Leventhal's procedural justice rules in moral judgments was examined (1) in the match examples of the Colby and Kohlberg moral judgment interview manual (Study 1), (2) in hypothetical dilemmas given to a sample of 41 participants in professional ethics classes, and (3) in the real-life moral dilemmas produced by this sample (Study 2). Consistent support was found for the hypothesis that bias suppression is used more frequently at the higher moral reasoning stages. A higher number of justice rules were employed in solving a real-life than hypothetical moral problem, and most procedural justice rules were used more frequently in the real-life dilemma.     

Rules of Power and the Power of Rules

Abstract
The paper describes at length and then discusses critically Frederick Schauer's analysis of rules in his recent book Playing By the RuZes . For most of the book Schauer discusses rules in general, and only at the end talks about legal rules in particular. The chief message of Schauer's analysis is that rules permit, and even constitute, a particular kind of decision-making, one that quite deliberately insulates the decision-taker from considerations of what would be in the circumstances the best justified decision to take. Rules are thus for Schauer devices for the allocation of decision-making power: The effect of A delegating to B the power to decide by a set of rules devised by A is that A retains much control over B 's decision-making. Schauer canvasses the claims of what he calls "presumptive positivism" to be a theory of law which embodies such a view of legal rules. In his criticism, the author compares Schauer's view with Joseph Raz's notion of legal rules as exclusionary reasons. The author then compares "presumptive positivism" with some other recent versions of positivism and the idea of rules as devices for the allocation of power with theories of law in the Critical Legal Studies movement.     

Foe or Friend of GATT Article XXIV: Diversity in Trade Remedy Rules

While the WTO Member countries continue to increase their FTAarrangements with divergent frameworks, they have begun to adoptmodified WTO trade remedy systems in FTAs. Although the contentand degree of these modified systems may not be significantyet, they still set very important precedents, or ‘seeds’,for ‘rule diversification’ in the world tradingsystem. Such modification typically aims to further liberalizemutual trade between FTA parties and thereby contribute to afreer world trading system. However, such rule diversificationappears to be inconsistent with the mandate of Article XXIVof GATT by worsening economically inferior trade diversion.The reinterpretation of the legal obligations in Article XXIVcommensurate with economically more reasonable structures impliesthat trade remedy rules in FTAs should be applied on a non-discriminatorybasis. Moreover, an FTA safeguard measure must precede a WTOsafeguard measure to ensure optimal competitive conditions amongtrading partners. In sum, the right channel for improving thecurrent WTO trade remedy systems is not the FTA forums but theWTO negotiation.     

“蛋壳脑袋”规则之反思与解构

蛋壳脑袋规则在道德上并非天然正当,在经济上未必充分合理,其作为普适性的规则大有疑问。面对素因竞合时之异常损害,应立足于类型化思维,斟酌素因之程度、当事人对素因信息之支配状态以及统御素因的能力等要素,理性解构蛋壳脑袋规则。     

我国司法解释规则的新发展及其再完善——《07规定》与《97规定》的比较分析

与最高人民法院1997年出台的《关于司法解释工作的若干规定》相比,于2007年4月1日起施行的新规则无论在形式体例上还是在具体内容方面均有新的发展:新规则的制定依据有所扩充,从而凸显了依法行使司法解释权的应有宗旨;突出强调了协商一致,为"两高"共同制定司法解释的工作提供了制度雏形;扩大了司法解释的立项来源,拓展了司法解释正当化的社会基础;但新规则也仍然存在一些问题:最高人民法院自己规定其司法解释"具有法律效力"显然是一种"过于自大"的失当宣示;对于司法解释工作的监督机制似乎仅具形式意义。     

To view or not to view: Examining the plain view doctrine and digital evidence

The very nature of digital evidence, defined as evidence stored on any form of magnetic media, makes the proper collection of such evidence an important consideration during seizure. Historically, courts have attempted to apply jurisprudence developed for the physical world to cases involving the cyber world. As a result, confusing guidelines have been created for those who handle computerrelated investigations. This article examined the issue of warrantless searches and seizures of digital evidence justified under the plain view doctrine. Through examination of the Fifth Circuit decision, United States v. Carey (1999), and the Virginia district court decision, United States v. Gray (1999), it was determined that proper seizure of digital evidence under the plain view doctrine requires: 1) access to the evidence be obtained legally, 2) the apparent illegal nature of the evidence be immediately known, and 3) the officer cannot abandon their original search.     

To Spank or Not To Spank: The Effect of Situation and Age of Child on Support for Corporal Punishment

This study examined college students' attitudes toward spanking as a function of the situational context and age of the child. As expected, respondents were more likely to find spanking appropriate for preschool (ages 3–4) and early school age children (ages 7–8) than for older children (ages 11–12). Physical punishment was also viewed as more suitable when the child's misbehavior was disrespectful (talking back to a parent), or violated strongly held norms (hitting a playmate, stealing), and less appropriate for age-related or less serious misbehavior. Gender and race differences emerged, with males and blacks showing more support for corporal punishment than females and whites. In general, findings revealed strong support for spanking, although there was evidence of some ambivalence, especially among white and female respondents. Implications of the findings are discussed.     

直接适用抑或非直接适用:WTO争端解决中的非WTO国际法规则

尽管WTO法没有明确规定专家组和上诉机构可适用法律的范围,但是在WTO争端解决中,直接适用非WTO国际法规则仍缺乏充分的法理依据。适用于WTO成员方之间经济关系的法律并不当然构成WTO争端解决中可适用法律的一部分。DSU的有关条款,比如第7条和第11条,也排除了直接适用其他国际法规则的可能性。DSU第7条限定专家组行使职权时必须适用WTO涵盖协定的有关规定,而DSU第11条仅提到客观评估"有关涵盖协定的适用性",从而排除了非WTO国际法规则的"适用性"。在WTO争端解决中,专家组和上诉机构未被授权直接适用非WTO国际法规则,但可以将其作为解释WTO涵盖协定的有用工具。     

To stay or quit: A review of the literature on correctional staff turnover

Correctional staff are the most important asset for any correctional agency. In fact, they are the heart and soul of any correctional organization. Many staff, however, voluntarily quit. The cost of this turnover is high for correctional organizations. Nonetheless, correctional staff turnover has generated only limited research. Moreover, there has been little direction in the correctional turn-over research. The different forms of turnover are discussed and the correctional staff turnover research is reviewed. A causal model for correctional staff voluntary turnover is developed and presented to guide future research. This article is a revision of a paper presented at the 1998 American Society of Criminology Annual meeting in Washington D. C. and my dissertation. The author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions, as well as Janet Lambert, Ferris State University, for her assistance in editing and proofreading this article.     

规范分析视角下住宅建设用地使用权续期规则探讨

住宅建设用地使用权的期限性与房屋所有权的永久性之间存在矛盾是续期问题产生的根源.我国《城镇国有土地使用权出让和转让暂行条例》《城市房地产管理法》《物权法(征求意见稿)》《物权法》分别确立了土地使用权续期规则.揭示土地使用权续期规则的演变及冲突规则的法律适用有助于加深对当下土地使用权续期规则的理解.自动续期规则续造方案是在不同政治逻辑和法理逻辑下思考的结果,有必要融合政治逻辑与法理逻辑,从续期费用、次数与期限、方式与手续、申请人等方面对我国住宅建设用地使用权续期规则进行完善.     

To Patent or Not: Faculty Decisions and Institutional Success at Technology Transfer

We draw on qualitative data derived from field work on two university campuses to develop an explanation for widely disparate rates of new invention disclosure. We argue that faculty decisions to disclose are shaped by their perceptions of the benefits of patent protection. These incentives to disclose are magnified or minimized by the perceived costs of interacting with technology transfer offices and licensing professionals. Finally, faculty considerations of the costs and benefits of disclosure are colored by institutional environments that are supportive or oppositional to the simultaneous pursuit of academic and commercial endeavors.