Best practices for structuring a family court parenting plan evaluation under the 2022 AFCC Guidelines

Evaluation appointment orders provide enforceable scaffolding for conduct of family court parenting plan evaluations, and use of the evaluator's reports, feedback, file, and testimony. Unlike a contract, a stipulated or adjudicated appointment order is directly enforceable by the family court. It unambiguously positions the evaluator as the family court's appointee – answerable directly to the court and, in some jurisdictions, protected by quasi-judicial immunity from damages claims. A well-crafted appointment order governs the roles and expectations of the court, the evaluator, the parties, the lawyers, and the collateral witnesses. An appointment order mandates the legal duties, rights, powers, and responsibilities of the professionals, the parties, and the collateral witnesses. At minimum, an appointment order articulates the legal basis for the appointment, the purpose and scope of the evaluation, compensation of evaluator, and the duty of the parties to participate in the process. A written evaluation protocol or procedures statement discloses in advance the methods of investigation and assessment that the evaluator intends to use. Together, the appointment order and written protocol help the evaluator, lawyers, parents, and judge manage the complexity of the evaluation process.     

挑战与回应:全球化视野下的国家主权

全球化是一个涉及到人类经济、政治、文化和社会生活诸领域的世界性历史进程。经济全球化不仅从多方面影响了主权国家的经济职能和经济主权,而且通过法律全球化对国家的法律主权构成了一定的挑战。经济全球化深刻影响到世界政治组织的构成及其活动方式和范围、对以国家为中心的、分散的主权政治架构也会产生广泛的影响。文化全球化推动了全球体系中的文化整合与文化嬗变,影响了人们的主权观念,并在一定程度上制约着人们的行为以及人们之间的关系模式,改变着国家的政治生活形式,深刻影响着国家的文化主权,对民族国家和国际社会的治理及其宪政化提供了新的机遇并带来了新的挑战。因此,为了推进全球法治进程,必须树立新的主权理念,实现主权要素的重构。     

检察机关与侦查、审判机关配合制约机制的现状分析及完善

在我国刑事诉讼制度中,检察机关与侦查机关之间主要围绕侦查分工和追诉目标形成相应的配合制约机制;检察机关与审判机关之间则围绕查清犯罪事实和管辖程序展开配合、围绕裁判和审理程序展开制约。检察机关主要通过通知立案、通知撤案、不捕、不诉、追捕、追诉、纠正违法等方式对侦查机关进行制约,侦查机关则通过对不捕、不诉决定的复议、复核等方式对检察机关进行制约;检察机关主要通过抗诉和纠正违法对审判机关进行制约,审判机关则通过无罪判决、改变指控等对检察机关进行制约。在司法实践中,检察机关还通过侦诉协作、附条件逮捕、建议撤案和地方政法委协调等方式与侦查机关和审判机关进行配合。总体而言,在检察机关与侦查、审判机关之间的配合制约体系中还存在制约范围不全面、制约手段有限、制约结构不稳定、配合机制缺乏约束力、配合范围不明确、考核评价机制不协调等问题。对此,应当分别加以解决和完善。     

中国加入WTO十年的法理断想:简论WTO的法治、立法、执法、守法与变法

在中国加入WTO"满九晋十"之际,针对目前国内外学界流行的某些看法,提出若干商榷意见和建言,是很有必要的。中国人亟宜认真总结加入WTO九年以来的实践经验,对WTO的体制及其立法、法治、执法现状,进行一分为二的科学剖析和判断,提高认识,用以指导今后的新实践。中国和国际弱势群体既要在WTO现存体制中"守法"和"适法",在实践中精通其运行规则,使其为我所用,最大限度地趋利避害;又要在实践中明辨是非臧否,深入探究WTO现行体制中对国际弱势群体明显不利和显失公平的各种条款和"游戏规则",认真思考其变革方向,并通过"南南联合",凝聚力量,推动"变法图强",促使WTO法制和法治与时俱进,造福全球。     

法律视野中的时间范畴

“时间”首先是自然科学和哲学的范畴 ,其运动规律在法律制度设计的技术化特征上也有体现。本文从分析法学与哲学、经济学的学科间影响 ;法律制度中与“时间”相关的概念、规则和原则 ;法律规范与客观规律的关系入手 ,阐述了“时间”范畴与法律制度、法律价值、法律程序、法律成本的密切联系 ,意在提醒人们 ,在研究法律制度的价值追求和伦理评价的基础上 ,法律中的时间问题或是以“时间”为重要范畴来分析法律制度的有关内容 ,具有重要的价值意义和工具意义 ,值得做思考的努力。     

我国互联网内容分级制度研究

保护未成年人健康成长需要净化互联网内容,兼顾成年人的权利,弥补现行法律漏洞,需要建立互联网内容分级法律制度。国际上,德、美、韩三国未成年人互联网保护立法的主要经验是间接监管、减轻企业负担、扩大社会参与、强化行业自治。我国互联网内容分级制度是指为避免未成年人接触互联网不适宜信息,由提供者对互联网内容分类、标签,学校、家庭等过滤,社会监督、评估,政府间接监管的法律规范总和,在立法时应坚持共同治理、最小限制、适当负担、奖惩并用四项原则;应明确分级范围、分级标准和过滤软件;确定七大类主体的权利义务。     

Competing Knowledge Systems in the Management of Fish and Forests in the Pacific Northwest

In this paper I investigate the interaction of knowledge and institutions in the context of First Nations in the Pacific Northwest of Canada who have evolved management systems for fish and forest resources over hundreds of years. These management systems are viewed as institutions that are based on and apply knowledge systems over time. In the Nisga'a and Haida nations, knowledge systems guide management regimes that govern access, rights and responsibilities, harvesting, allocation of benefits and costs, technology, education and training. For the past hundred years these institutions and knowledge systems have come into conflict with knowledge and management systems imposed first by missionaries, settlers and colonizers and later from Provincial and National governments and corporations holding tenure rights assigned by those governments. National and international regimes such as the Law of the Seas and the Exclusive Economic Zones conflict with traditional institutions and knowledge systems by privileging one level of governance and consequently one form of knowledge and devaluing others. The paper is based on research conducted in the Pacific Northwest over the past eight years, primarily through interviews with elders, decision-makers, and resource users, as well as observation of cultural and resource practices. The research investigated the impacts of conflicting knowledge systems and the attempts to resolve those conflicts. The paper raises questions about knowledge systems and institutions, about institutional interplay, and the impact of international institutions on local institutions as they come into contact and conflict.     

The effects of four different solvent vapours on the restoration of obliterated stamp markings from five different wooden surfaces

The stamp markings on wooden surfaces, which are placed on trees and products including antiques, indicate the status of trees and involve identifying data regarding the products. Such markings are obliterated either to facilitate illegal logging or to conceal product information. Despite the wide literature on the restoration of obliterated characters on metal and polymer surfaces, the recovery of defaced characters on wooden surfaces appears to be understudied. Several reference texts in the forensic marks’ examination literature suggest that water, water vapor, and alkaline solutions are useful in restoring the abraded markings on the wood. Since there does not seem to be any experimental study proving such success, this study aimed to fill this gap. This study conducted experimental research by using water, ethanol, ammonia, and chloroform to recover the scraped characters on samples obtained from walnut, beech, spruce, oak, and cedar trees. The cold-stamped characters, which were defaced at varying depths, were restored using vapor and liquid phases of four solvents. While the vapor phases of water, ethanol, and ammonia yielded good outcomes on all types of wooden surfaces, the liquid phases did not seem to be useful in the revisualization process. The response of the vapors, which varied between 62 and 220 s, depended on the type of wood. The restoration technique developed in this research offers the possibility of on-site usage, easy application, utilization of low-cost solvents, rapid recovery, and effectiveness on various wooden surfaces. Overall, the restoration methodology used in this research appears to be fruitful in retrieving identifying information on wooden samples.     

The Role of Fantasy in a Serial Sexual Offender: A Brief Review of the Literature and a Case Report

Abstract: Extensive research has attempted to elucidate the role of fantasy in sexual offending. In this paper, the authors summarize the main results of the literature, especially the contents, themes, dynamics, etiopathogenesis, and potential functions of fantasy in sexual offending. Further, the authors analyze the case of a serial sexual offender who assaulted 39 women. The forensic‐psychiatric assessment revealed that his fantasies of forced sex, sexual coercion, and dominance, which were linked to narcissistic personality organization and functioning, were the primary drive mechanism in his crimes, because he imagined himself in the role of the aggressor, identified with the power associated with the role of perpetrator, and was sexually aroused by such images of omnipotent control of the victim. In conclusions, the authors suggest that fantasies of sexual aggression, coercion, and dominance of women may stimulate grandiosity and omnipotence and, in a minority of cases, may lead to sexual offending.     

人权与公民权之异同

人权和公民权是两个关系非常密切的概念,它们既有相同之处,又有细微差别。它们的共同点表现为:起源相同,社会基础和制约条件相同,内容基本相同,价值取向和理论基础相同。它们的区别体现在:主体不完全相同,适用范围不同,属性不同,表达方式的差异,实施和监督机制的差异,救济途径的差异。     

The social dynamics of revictimization and intimate partner violence: an embodied,gendered, institutional and life course perspective

This article offers a qualitative, institutional analysis of the dynamics of revictimization as the accumulation of disadvantages over time and across different institutional contexts, and its multiple gender dimensions. It draws on 37 qualitative interviews with victims of intimate partner violence, detailing the institutional causal pathways to victimization and revictimization over the life course, through the in-depth analysis of one case. Drawing on the vulnerability approach, developed by Martha Albertson Fineman, the analysis demonstrates how victimization and revictimization have been facilitated, tolerated, and even produced by particular institutional contexts, illustrating how the risk of revictimization is not a characteristic of the individual, nor is it destiny. The article contributes to a constructive social science, elucidating how victimization is contingent on social and institutional contexts, and how at several critical points, better institutions and better institutional responses to particular events might have prevented or interrupted the dynamics of accumulating victimization. Focusing on embodied, gendered subjects and the role of institutions in producing as well as remedying inequalities has far-reaching implications for research and prevention of violence. In contrast to a risk-factor approach targeting particular groups and individuals, a vulnerability analysis calls for a responsive state and universal institutional solutions.     

法学方法论研究的语用学转向(上)———法学方法论研究范式的批判性检审

传统的法学方法论范式，被学界概括和界定为归类（或包摄和涵摄）、推论、等置和评价——这四种范式。但归类或包摄和涵摄均可再归属于形式主义的推论范式，于是传统四范式最少可化归为推论、等置和评价——这三范式；其中的等置范式试图借助于具有实践理性的类推法、比较法和归纳法，实现法律事实与法律规范关系的等置或者对称性，但其重心依然倚重于逻辑理性；而评价范式不仅离开了“客观化”的逻辑框架，而且也因脱离价值评价的主体及其特定语境，而成为无法实施的一厢情愿。最后认定，唯有具有主体间性（交往理性）、综观性、动态性的语用范式，才可以克服和超越传统三范式的缺陷，经由交往理性而实现逻辑理性和实践理性的统一，从而最终实现法律事实与法律规范关系的对称性。     

Families,Foreignness, Migration

Introducing the special issue on ‘Families, Foreignness and Migration. Now and Then’, this essay starts from the observation that in Western Europe migrating with or without one's family in the last century was increasingly shaped by state policies. As a result, migrants' identities and family experiences not only depended, and still depend, on their cultural backgrounds but also on very time-specific politics of foreignness and citizenship. The essay's main argument is that comparing and deconstructing perceptions, policies and practices of ‘family’ and migration help to overcome the limited attention given to age and kin in the study of gender and migration. From an overview of contributions to this interdisciplinary issue, it is clear that deconstructing ‘family’ in migration studies should be developed further along three axes: child migration, the multi-level analysis of family and migration, including societies of origin and migrant organizations, and the comparison of ‘visible’ and ‘invisible’ migrants, which contributes to uncovering the relationship between foreignness, gender and age.     

协商民主能否成为可能——自由、平等与理性之于协商民主

20世纪最后20年,一种新型的民主理论——协商民主在西方政治学界开始兴起、发展,并成为人们讨论研究聚集的焦点。作为一种可能的新型民主,面临着许多挑战,何以成为可能或者说能否成为可能成为人们争论的焦点,这一问题值得我们认真思考。基于此,从一种自由、平等、理性分析的视角来看,协商民主能够化解自由与秩序的矛盾,维护社会的平等和正义,能够在公开的理性下实现政治的合法性,解决现有民主制度的困境与挑战,是确实能够实现的政治理想。     

论非法典化

“非法典化”是指法典化所追求的确定、完整、和谐一致等目标的不能实现,法典总会被突破的一种趋势。在对“非法典化”的历史思潮进行研究的基础上,评述了“非法典化”的特别立法、司法解释、法官造法等五个方面的现实状态。“非法典化”的根源包括法哲学根源、经济与社会的发展、法典的固有弱点以及公权利介入的增强等。     

中国粮食安全国内法保障研究

粮食安全不仅是国家安全的重要组成部分,而且是发展国民经济与构建和谐社会的根本物质基础。为维护粮食安全,中国必须采取、完善包括技术、经济、行政、法律等多方面的保障手段和措施。基于此,中国必须针对粮食安全国内法保障目前所存缺陷,采取切实有效措施建立健全粮食安全国内法保障。第一,高度重视粮食安全及粮食安全国内法保障工作,加强粮食安全国内法保障理论研究,切实把建立健全粮食安全国内法保障作为当前重要任务来抓;第二,重新定位粮食安全国内法保障指导思想,将科学发展观与粮食安全观彻底贯彻于粮食安全国内法保障中;第三,恰当确定粮食安全国内法保障目标,合理界定粮食安全国内法保障原则,优化粮食安全国内法保障框架;第四,抓紧制定与完善粮食安全立法规划,集合中央与地方力量建立健全粮食安全国内法保障;第五,严格粮食安全行政执法,加强粮食安全行政执法监督,确保粮食安全法律制度得以正确实施。     

‘Not always logical’: binational/biracial marriages in Britain, 1900–1940

ABSTRACT

This essay explores the intersection of race, religion, and nationality in marriage by concentrating on unions between Britons and ‘Arabs’ (those from North Africa and the Middle East) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Focusing on this area, most of which was not in the British Empire, allows an analysis of the intersection between the empire and the larger world. Marriage was a nexus in the intertwined prejudices of race, empire, class, and religion. Though the British primarily blamed polygamy for any marital problems, their own gendered law of nationality was equally at fault. Indeed, the centrality of gender was clearest in three circumstances. First, many women refused to be ‘white women in peril,’ instead exercising agency in their relationships. Second, British men who moved to the Middle East, converted to Islam, and married Muslim women, became legal hybrids who struggled to pass on British nationality to their wives and children. Third, British-born women married to Middle Eastern Christians faced similar problems, despite marrying other monogamists. In the 1930s, the British government formed a committee to address these issues, but the committee failed to find solutions, in part because the members, like the British state, supported racial/national coverture for women and thus refused to consider granting women equal rights in nationality. As a result, women married to men of different races and nations remained vulnerable to desertion and divorce in the interwar period. Such issues both confirmed the importance of an imperial frame of mind, but also the fact that the dilemmas went well beyond the formal empire.     

侦审关系论纲

侦审关系是一个具有自身特殊规律和内在机制的研究领域,侦审之间的权能结构关系决定了其对诉讼形态建构的特殊意义。侦审关系具有动态、转换性,在侦查阶段侦审关系的重心是司法对侦查的制约,在起诉阶段侦审关系的重心是审判与侦查的阻隔,在法庭审判阶段侦审关系的重心则是审判独立。根据侦审关系在侦查、起诉和审判三阶段的不同样式,侦审关系的应然样态可以表达为“独立而不失控、阻隔而不阻断、受制而不依附”。侦审关系研究的两个基本内容,一是司法制约侦查;二是法官预断排除。其中,前者的实质是侦查行为正当化的问题,后者则是裁判结论正当化的问题。从运行机制的维度审视,侦审关系的制度逻辑是过程控制与结果控制、直接控制与间接控制并举,审前阻隔与审中排除互补。主要制度组成包括侦查阶段的侦查令状制度、起诉阶段的侦审阻隔机制和审判阶段的非法证据排除规则和警察出庭作证制度。侦审关系是决定审判中心主义刑事诉讼模式的关键环节,也是控、辩、裁三方法律地位和关系的决定性因素。     

威胁我国安全的恐怖主义特点分析

恐怖主义对我国的威胁日益突出，对国家安全、社会稳定和人民生命财产安全构成了严重危害。威胁的主要来源，一是国际恐怖势力和极端组织实施的恐怖活动；二是境内外民族分裂势力实施的恐怖活动；三是邪教组织实施的恐怖活动；四是黑社会等严重刑事犯罪组织和其他极端分子实施的恐怖活动。威胁我国安全的恐怖主义除了具有一般恐怖主义的政治性、暴力性、刑事违法性等共同特征以外，还具有主体结构多元、国际背景复杂、宗教色彩浓厚、组织运作联合、方式手段诡秘、发展态势趋强等突出特点。     

利用猪胸主动脉生物力学性能时序性变化推断死亡时间

目的观察分析家猪尸体胸主动脉生物力学性状指标的变化规律,探讨其在死亡时间(PMI)推断中的应用价值。方法采集180根家猪的主动脉,在恒定温度、湿度下,于2～230h之间每间隔12h设置1个取检材时间点组;各组主动脉检材用电子万能材料试验机拉伸检测极限载荷、极限载荷变形、平均力、应力、应变,宽度和厚度等生物力学参数指标;应用多元逐步回归方法进行统计学分析。结果家猪死后230h内,随PMI延长,胸主动脉大体观呈自溶腐败性变色、瘫软、液化趋势。生物力学参数指标中,极限载荷、平均力和应力呈随PMI延长呈明显下降趋势,PMI间隔24h组间比较差异性均有统计学意义(P<0.05),校正决定系数分别为0.923、0.806、0.867,估计标准误差分别为±18.39h、±29.88h、±24.58h,PMI间隔24h组间比较差异性均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其它指标与PMI之间相关性不显著均P>0.05。结论死后230h内家猪胸主动脉的极限载荷、平均力和应力的死后时序性变化,与PMI呈明显的负相关性,可用于PMI推断,其中极限载荷效果最佳。