比较视野里的社区青少年工作相关立法和政策

联合国和国际社会越来越重视社区青少年工作,社区青少年工作相关立法和政策比效完善。青少年工作立法体现青少年主体地位的青少年最高利益原则,立法内容注重社区化原则和可操作性导向。为中国社区青少年工作相关立法和政策提供可资借鉴的经验。     

国际法视野下少年司法制度的新发展

第二次世界大战后,一方面以美国为代表的西方国家青少年犯罪问题日趋严重,逐渐使青少年犯罪成为一个国内和国际性的重要问题,另一方面人权保护从国内领域进入国际视野,全球化浪潮带来各国的法律趋同化,这些因素都促使少年司法制度的国际法有了新发展。     

论劳动合同主体的立法完善

我国《劳动法》对用人单位的认定和责任承担的规定是模糊的,对劳动者的范围规定是限制性的,这不利于劳动权的保护,不利于劳资矛盾的解决,也不利于我国劳动关系的法治化。在《劳动合同法》的立法中,在对用人单位的认定和责任承担方面应当确立有利于劳动者的原则,而对劳动权主体的立法则应当确立普遍性原则。     

我国当前劳动合同缔约过失责任体系述评——以法院审理为视角

我国当前劳动合同缔约过失责任体系存在过失类型设计与第一性义务脱钩、归责原则单一、责任范围和责任形态不完整等问题。完善我国劳动合同缔约过失责任体系,应该完善缔约过失行为类型、细化归责原则、丰富责任范围和责任形态。在当前的劳动合同缔约过失责任体系下,法院审理劳动合同缔约过失纠纷的关键在于法律适用和举证责任分配,这二者都需要针对不同的缔约过失类型进行不同的适用。     

工会应当力推企业承担社会责任

企业承担社会责任是时代发展的要求,是社会公众的要求,也是企业发展的内在要求。企业在新时代发展必须融入企业社会责任的世界潮流之中去,以强烈的社会责任感和高瞻远瞩的国际视野,对待和承担社会责任。     

论消除农民工就业歧视的国家担当

中国农民工就业歧视是一种制度性歧视,消除农民工就业歧视是国家的国际法义务。解决农民工问题需要多管齐下,但国家担当起自己的责任将是最重要的。因为无论是制定政策框架,还是建立和完善法律制度;无论是对农民工搭建公共就业服务的平台,还是营造平等对待农民工的社会环境,都离不开政府。农民工问题的严重性和复杂性,要求国家出面加以统筹研究解决。因此,反农民工就业歧视,国家仍要发挥主导作用。     

国外市场经济国家加强职工劳动权益保护的主要做法及启示

一、市场经济国家保护职工劳动权益的主要做法国外市场经济国家主要通过建立健全下列制度,来加强职工劳动权益保护工作:(一)劳动立法为确保劳资关系和谐与社会稳定,大部分市场经济国家都建立了一套法律体系来保护劳工权利。首先,是在宪法中对劳动问题都作了不同程度的规定。同时,不少国家对工会的权利单独立法,就劳动关系双方的基本权利和义务作出规定,使宪法上规定的原则具有法律的可操作性。如一些国家颁布了集体合同法、职工委员会法、共决法等劳动法律法规,不仅明确了工会的权利与责任,同时也为权利的实现作出了规定,使工会在行使自己权…     

雇员对雇主财产损害赔偿责任规则探析

雇员对雇主负有法定、约定或其他义务,雇员对其义务的违反给雇主造成财产损害,需要对雇主承担赔偿责任。鉴于劳动关系的特殊性,雇员赔偿责任规则应有别于普通民事赔偿规则,雇员只在具有中度过失以上过错时才需承担赔偿责任,且不以全部赔偿为原则。雇员赔偿范围的确定应当遵循可预见性原则、适用过失相抵并兼顾雇员过错程度,此外还需在支付方式和数额上予以限制。对此发生的争议属于劳动争议,首先应当结合劳动争议的特殊性依照劳动法律进行裁判。     

雇主责任中雇佣期间的认定规则

在雇主责任的司法裁判和理论研究中,关于雇员的何种行为属于雇佣期间应由雇主承担责任,即关于职务行为的认定问题一直是雇主责任中最具争议的问题。雇佣期间的认定和雇主责任的制度机理、时代发展密切相关,与受害人的人身损害赔偿不可分割。借鉴英美法的紧密联系标准和牵连性规则,雇佣期间的认定可采取:为雇主利益标准;紧密联系标准;保护受害人标准和雇主责任推定标准。     

对互联网域名的法律思考

具有创造性、无形性和经济性的互联网域名是知识产权的新兴部分。由于它特有的全球唯一性的特征和注册时实行的不审查制度 ,使域名的管理和保护与商标、企业名称等其他知识产权的保护发生冲突。解决冲突的途径是域名注册的预先审查和事后个案处理 ,解决冲突的原则应是“商标特殊保护和申请在先”的原则     

The Conflicting Interests of Women's Organizations and the League of Nations on the Question of Married Women's Nationality in the 1930s

This article investigates the question of legal equality in citizenship and nationality in the inter-war years. The first conference for the codification of international law was hosted by the League of Nations in The Hague in 1930. One of the topics of the conference was married women's nationality, and international women's organizations did everything in their power to persuade the conference that married women deserved to be treated equally to non-married women and to men. Women lobbied the League, but they were ultimately unsuccessful. The study highlights the conflicting aims of a movement struggling for social and political change and the official aims of an international organization. Whereas previous research has focused on the actions of the women's organizations, this article directs its interest towards the interaction between the League of Nations and the women's organizations. In questions regarding women's rights and claims for equality the League of Nations adapted an overly cautious, even conservative, position. However, the article shows that the international discourse provided arguments and documents useful in national struggles. This will be illustrated by the debate on independent nationality in the Swedish feminist press.     

关于对未成年工的特殊保护——南山铁矿有限公司一起未成年工劳动合同纠纷案分析

未成年工特殊保护是指根据未成年工的生长发育特点和其接受义务教育的需要,对其在劳动法律关系中所应享有的特殊权益的保护。违反未成年工劳动保护规定应承担一定的法律责任。     

工会工作必须突出依法维权——二论贯彻落实工会工作指导方针

依法维权, 就是工会依据宪法和法律的规定, 维护工会自身和职工的合法权益, 其本质上是同维护全国人民总体利益一致的。依法维权是工会在向社会主义市场经济转变时期必须肩负的社会责任。该文剖析了工会和职工权益保障方面面临的挑战, 指出了当前突出依法维权应做好的几方面的工作     

Power and property: commercialization,enclosures, and the transformation of agrarian relations in Ethiopia

The transnational agrarian social movement Vía Campesina is campaigning to have the United Nations negotiate and implement a Declaration, and eventually an International Convention, on Peasants' Rights. This article analyzes the origins and demands of the campaign and the place of the claimed rights in international law. Peasant organizations hope to follow in the footsteps of indigenous peoples' movements that participated in the negotiations preceding the 2007 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The peasants' rights campaign has succeeded in linking its demands to discussions of the right to food in the United Nations, where concern is growing over the approach of the 2015 target for realizing the Millennium Development Goals, in particular the halving of the numbers of people suffering from hunger. The campaign is likely to face stiff resistance from powerful UN member states, but could achieve substantial advances even if the path to a convention is difficult or never completed.     

劳动争议调解机制的构造分析与改进构想

我国劳动争议调解机制的结构性缺陷为忽视了调解组织中立性、行动能力、行为动因、工会角色安排和交易费用承担等前提条件问题,其基本假设不可靠。参考国际社会的成功做法,结合我国实际,可建立健全企业内部劳资沟通渠道,配置给雇主以释明、沟通义务和相应的举证责任;可改造和充实三方机制,以建立区域性、行业性乃至国家层面的调解和指导调解机构;在诸多重要条件不具备的过渡时期,可选择政府主导的调解机制,同时培育和激励民间调解机构和人员的广泛参与;运用惩罚性赔偿的私法责任和行政处罚等公法责任,强化对劳资纠纷中侵权者特别是资方的法律约束,以确立劳资争议调解中促进妥协、和解的压力与诱导机制。     

Article 23(4) Trade Union Rights and the United Nations policy of devolution on labour relations

ABSTRACT

Article 23(4) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states ‘Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.’ This article documents the global legislative history of Article 23(4) trade union rights from its original drafting to interpretation by international labour standards. The history includes debates on the fundamental principles of trade union rights, the decision by ECOSOC to ignore a call to establish a permanent UN Commission on Trade Union Rights, the devolution of authority from the United Nations to the International Labour Organization, how ILO international law experts framed trade union rights as a subset of the freedom of association, and the treatment of labour relations policy, including compulsory union membership, that resulted under international human rights norms. The history is discussed as one that confines standards of policy on labour rights in the global political economy and has particular implications for the discourse on labour rights as human rights.     

‘A whisper in the assembly of nations’ United States' participation in the International Movement for Women's Rights from the League of Nations to the United Nations

This work examines North American feminist activities in the international arena from the end of the First World War to the early days of the United Nations. Led by Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party of the United States, feminists attempted to obtain greater equality for women by having nations agree to an Equal Rights Treaty and an equal Nationality Treaty. But they ran into opposition from more moderate social reform women's organizations. Believing protective legislation for women in industry to be more important than legal equality, and antagonistic to the Equal Rights Amendment to the United States' Constitution, reformers objected to the international feminists on ideological grounds. They also disapproved of the radicals' militant tactics and active publicity seeking, thereby extending the quarrel to the realm of personality differences. Thus the divisiveness caused by the ERA in the United States disrupted the international women's movement as well. Working through Pan American Congresses and the League of Nations, and continuing into the United Nations, feminists devoted more than a quarter of a century to fighting for equal rights world-wide. While their actual achievements were not notable, in the end their equalitarian ideas proved to have more enduring value than reform theories.     

工会法法律责任的确立与完善

本文着重分析工会法法律责任的特点、内容 ,违反《工会法》的行为以及追究法律责任的主体、方式和程序等 ,并对工会法法律责任存在的若干问题予以分析 ,并提出完善中国工会法法律责任的若干建议。