腾龙沿边土司与国民政府关系探析

国民政府对腾龙沿边土司统治地区实行土流并治,由于土司统治的经济基础并未动摇,拥有相当数量的武装力量,国内外局势复杂,国民政府吏治腐败等。使得双方对抗不可避免,对话成为可能;双方均通过剥削与压迫当地民众获得利益,手段相似,利益趋同,也为双方的合作提供了基础。     

土司制度与元明清三朝治夷

土司制度肇始于元,完善及推广于明。清朝作大幅度的改革,在一些地区仍保留了土司。元明清三朝重视土司制度,缘于土司制度与南方类型蛮夷社会的内在机制暗合,进而形成元明清王朝治理夷狄,注重了解统治对象社会的结构与文化的传统。另一方面,在预期目标、治策设计与施行效果方面,元明清三朝治夷也存在个性化差异。     

民国时期川西北土司土屯史事辨析

民国时期川西北茂县、汶川、松潘、理番、懋功、黑水等藏羌民族聚居地区土司土屯虽经部分"改土归流",但土司制度、土屯制度依然存在且处在变动之中。本文考察了清末民初松潘土司的具体状况、汶川瓦寺土司、理番绰斯甲土司、懋功汉牛屯撤废等详情,对有关史实做了较为详尽准确的辨析。     

滇南国宝：纳楼土司衙署

云南省建水县的回新纳楼土司衙署,号称中国三大彝族土司署之一。它所承袭的纳楼茶甸土司署的统治历史长达五个多世纪,所辖地涉及“三江八里又三猛”,是研究土司制度的珍贵实物资料。     

试论清朝前期贵州的土司制度

清代前期为建立和巩固封建中央王朝的集权统治，在处理贵州民族问题时，沿袭继承并在实践中完善和发展了土司制度；旨在限制、iT击和瓦解土司努力，并为雍正时期强化中央集权，实行改土归流奠定了基础。     

德宏傣族土司宗法文化漫论

经历了元、明、清、民国时期,直至1950年代的德宏傣族土司是中国民族史、中国边疆史不可缺少的内容,德宏傣族土司宗法文化从一开始就对社会生活的总体产生影响,波及土司、官族、平民等社会的所有成员,是德宏傣族传统文化中的重要内容之一.宗法文化在德宏傣族社会中的存在使得傣族土司承继有序,使得人民生活张弛有度,使得傣族土司所管辖的边疆地区稳定安宁.正确评鉴德宏傣族土司的宗法文化,发掘和利用这个文化传统为傣族社会的现代化建设服务是我们应当认真思考的重大问题.     

播州土司制度的形成和历史作用

土司制度是元明清封建王朝在西南少数民族地区实行的一种统治制度。播州土司制度开始于元代,完备于明初,终结于明末万历二十八年。阐明播州土司制度的历史轨迹及其历史作用,无疑有助于黔北历史文化的研究。     

西南地区的土司制度及清代早期对其进行改革的原因

本文从中央政府与土司的关系及土司享有的权力等方面阐述了西南地区的土司制度；并通过讨论雍正执政早期关于土司制度改革的争议，论述了雍正废除土司制度的根本原因在于消除西南民族地区土司间和土司内部的暴力事件，加强中央集权。     

民国土司第一案——云南武定环州傈僳乡民控土舍李自孔案的历史考察

民国时期,土司制度的合法性未能得到新法规支持, 给各族人民的司法诉求及政府的司法审判带来了不小困难。云南省武定县环州傈僳乡民控彝族土舍李自孔案,经历了蔡锷、唐继尧、龙云3个时期,历时26年,卷入县、省及国家最高司法审判部门,堪称“民国土司第一案”。案件的曲折过程,政府、民意机关、司法部门的无奈与推诿,土司的残暴与凶狠,近代司法面对少数民族传统势力、传统习惯的无力与尴尬,具有极强的时代和历史意义。而傈僳乡民对法律诉讼和武装革命的不同选择,也是民国时期社会发展潮流的真实写照。     

清王朝不对甘青土司实施大规模“改土归流”的原因探析

“改土归流”是清王朝治理边疆民族地区的一项重要政治举措。此项措施在西南地区的实施,加强了清王朝对西南边疆的统治,有利于中国统一多民族国家的发展,也促进了民族地区社会经济发展。但是清王朝却未在甘青地区大规模实施“改土归流”,这一问题很值得进行深入探讨。这既表明甘青土司与南方土司类型不同,也说明甘青土司的存在不是清王朝在西北民族地区统治的障碍,相反却有着积极作用。相比南方土司的强大势力,甘青土司势力薄弱,而不断的汉化、分化与整合又导致其难成气候;此外甘青土司是稳定地方秩序的重要力量,而且在清王朝用兵西部边疆时,也发挥了积极作用。这些都是清王朝没有对甘青土司实施大规模“改土归流”的原因。本质上看,不对甘青土司进行大规模“改土归流”,也是清王朝从地区实际出发调整治理策略的结果。     

NUMBERS

正1.98 mln units China’s auto production in May,down 4.4 percent from April6 mln Number of highemission vehicles that China plans to remove from roads in 2014 to reduce pollution3.85 mln tons Amount of carbon emission quotas that     

Beijing Embraces APEC 2014

正On November 5-11,China hosts in Beijing the 2014 APEC Economic Leaders’Week,including the Concluding Senior Offi cials’Meeting,the 26th APEC Ministerial Meeting,and the 22nd APEC Economic Leaders’Meeting.During the Leaders’Week,China also hosts the APEC CEO Summit,APEC Business Advisory Council Dialogue with Leaders,and Leaders’spouse programs.     

Shanghai–Asia's City of Style

正AT Paris Fashion Week Fall/Winter 2014-2015 in March,Chinese celebrities fitted out in gorgeous gowns featuring Eastern fashion styles attracted much kudos.As China advances further onto the world stage,Shanghai is leading the fashion charge.U.S.-based Global     

Sino-Swiss FTA Pushes Bilateral Relations to New Heights

正CHINA and Switzerland signed in July 2013 the Free Trade Agreement(FTA)in Beijing,so marking the culmination of more than two years of negotiations and legal processes.The f irst free trade pact between China and a country in continental Europe,the agreement came officially into effect on July 1,2014.China Today held an exclusive interview with David Braun,head of the Economic,Financial and Commercial Section of the Embassy of Switzerland in China,to discuss the FTA in greater depth.China Today:What is the signif icance of the FTA for     

A Change of Game Plan

正The low-price strategy is losing ground in China’s home appliance market while industrial upgrade offers the only way out By Zhou XiaoyanAt midnight on April 14,over 2,000 an-gry workers of Galanz Group,a homeappliance maker,violently smashedeverything in the canteen,workers’dormitory,production lines and supermarkets in a Galanz     

INFORMATION

正Business Lunch at Barolo For a tasty change of pace during your busy day,why not stop by and enjoy a leisurely lunch at our snazzy eatery Barolo?It’s the perfect place to meet with friends,work colleagues and business associates.Whet your midday appetite with our traditional antipasto buffet,followed by a main course of your choice from the selection of     

China's CSR on the Global Market Fast Track——An Interview with Xu Zongxiang,vice president of China South Locomotive & Rolling Stock Corporation Limited(CSR)

正IN mid-December,the last round of procurements of tramcars and subway trains in China’s mainland for 2013 was completed alongside the release of the bid result for trains for the northern extension of Shanghai Metro’s Line 11.China South LocomotiveRolling Stock Corporation Limited(CSR),the larg-     

Economic Transformation through Industrial Restructuring

ON the morning of November 24,2013,the Hebei provincial government took action to demolish 10 shaft furnaces and 16 converters at eight steel and iron plants in Tangshan,Handan and Chengde,reducing the overcapacity of iron production by 4.56 million tons and steel production by 6.8 million tons.Prior to this,by the end of October 2013,the province had cut down on steel and iron overcapacity by 2.38 million tons.Steel and iron has long been a pillar industry for the Chinese economy;however,it has become common practice to cut down overcapacity of the industry.The government work report released at the First Session of the 12th National People’s Congress explicitly stated that efforts should be made to promote the transformation of the nation’s economic growth mode and accelerate industrial restructuring.Structural adjustment to the steel and iron industry now epitomizes China’s wider economic transformation.     

Government Consults Legal Counsel

正Various departments hire advisors to ensure rule of law By Wang Hairong Guo Xiaomin,deputy chief of Chongchuan District of Nantong,east China’s Jiangsu Province,has formed a habit of consulting the district government’s legal advisor before approving documents.     

Stemming the Slump

正In a bid to boost the sagging housing market,China has relaxed lending rules for home buyers By Zhou XiaoyanWang xingli is a realtor in Beijing.Instead of resting during the seven-day National Day holiday(October 1-7),he followed a jam-packed schedule spent bustling