南海地区安全：打击海盗与反恐合作

南海地区不仅具有重要的战略地位，而且是世界上最繁忙的国际航道之一，其安全正面临着海盗与恐怖分子的威胁。随着国际海事局有关海盗定义的修订，要维护南海地区的安全仅依靠南海周边国家的力量是不够的，特别是马六甲海峡。因此，海峡沿岸国要求海峡使用国共同分摊维护安全的经费负担，并提供有关培训、设备和信息情报等援助。这种情况说明，维护南海地区安全必须由南海周边国家及南海航道使用国共同合作，只有通过密切的国际合作，才能有效地打击海盗与恐怖主义活动，真正地维护南海地区的安全。     

影响当代东南亚海盗兴衰的变量研究

本文分析了当代东南亚海盗与其猎物和政府的关系、打击海盗的国际合作存在的问题等影响当代东南亚海盗兴衰的变量，揭示当代东南亚海盗发展的规律。马六甲海峡和南中国海位于国际海上航运的要冲，源源不断的物流为海盗提供了猎物；东南亚海盗猖獗的根源在于腐败的沿岸国执法人员纵容甚至参与海盗活动。9．11事件之后，打击东南亚海盗的行动成为了国际海上反恐的重要内容，国际社会采取了一系列的措施，如建立打击海盗的国际合作机制和信息共享中心、分担保障国际海上交通要道安全的费用等，增强了沿岸国打击海盗的积极性和执法能力，有效地遏制了东南亚海盗的活动。     

马六甲海峡与南海航道安全

马六甲海峡是世界上最重要的海上交通航线之一,其安全的主要问题是海盗的袭击。在反海盗的过程中,如何处理好海峡沿岸国家的主权问题成为确保马六甲海峡安全的关键。美、日、印度三国以反海盗袭击和打击恐怖主义为名,在南海海域加强军事合作,其真正目的据说是牵制中国,这无疑增加了南海航道的不安全因素。     

马六甲海峡通行制度及其管理

1982年《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)对用于国际航行的海峡设立了过境通行制度,而马六甲海峡是领海海峡,海峡沿岸国家印度尼西亚、马来西亚和新加坡通过声明和协议建立了自己的通行制度,从而引发了马六甲海峡适用哪种通行制度之争.     

国际法框架下的南海合作

根据《联合国海洋法公约》的规定,闭海、半闭海沿岸国家有互相合作的义务。在国际上,已有许多闭海、半闭海国家成功合作的案例。南海作为典型的半闭海,其沿岸国家开展合作不但符合各方利益,也是法律义务。目前,南海沿岸国在南海业已展开一定程度的合作,但同时也存在诸多干扰和不利因素。相关方应积极寻找出路,推进低敏感领域的合作。     

非洲海盗问题与国际反海盗合作

近些年,非洲海盗活动猖獗,不断增多的海盗袭击活动不仅干扰了非洲的和平与发展,而且对全球能源安全与国际贸易构成了严重挑战。为了应对非洲海盗威胁,非洲有关国家、次地区组织等做出了艰苦努力,联合国、国际海事机构及主要大国也采取了多种举措,但是成效并不理想。在反海盗问题上,外部举措和援助必须符合相关国家和地区的实际情况才是有效选择。     

世界海盗活动状况与国际反海盗机制建设

海盗活动的兴衰,与特定地区或国家的政治、社会、经济和文化状况有着密切的联系.东南亚海域和北非海域一向是海盗活动的热点地区,2007年以来索马里海域的海盗活动异常猖獗,成为影响国际经济活动和国际政治的重要因素.国际社会虽然已经建立起一系列国际反海盗机制,但未能有效遏制海盗活动的蔓延.为了有效打击海盗活动,世界各国必须加强国际合作,治标与治本并重.     

海上恐怖主义和海盗威胁

在打击马六甲海峡沿岸的海盗中,区域各方力量已迈出了可喜的一步。在960万公里的海岸线上,沿岸国家印度尼西亚、马来西亚和新加坡为了海上安全,在首次提出“天空之眼”优先战略3个月后,便于2005年9月13日进行联合海上空中巡逻。事实上,“天空之眼”构想是在3个海岸国家共同制定     

几内亚湾海盗问题研究

近来，西非几内亚湾的海盗活动日渐猖獗，对该海域的航行安全构成了严重威胁。本文归纳了几内亚湾海盗活动的现状、特点，分析了几内亚湾海盗现象的成因及影响。在此基础上，从区内国家、国际社会以及中国的角度提出了对策建议。     

索马里海盗问题与国际社会的应对

索马里海盗是高度专业化的有组织犯罪团伙,其在西印度洋日益猖獗的抢劫活动严重威胁到国际海运安全.但是,国际反海盗机制缺乏足够的威慑力,对待索马里海盗的基本态度就是绥靖主义,在打击手段上主要依靠季风、船舶自救以及抱薪救火的赎金缴付.巨额赎金产生的"财富效应"助长了全球海盗活动的升级和蔓延,大而失当的陆地解决方案强化了海盗行为的合法性.有鉴于此,国际社会必须拓展在亚丁湾的护航范围,加大军事打击力度以便威慑和阻止海盗们发动袭击,防止索马里海盗泛滥成灾乃至严重影响国际航运业.中国是索马里海盗活动的受害国,护航编队远征亚丁湾攸关国家安全利益,参与国际合作打击索马里海盗有助于提升外交能力、再塑国家形象.     

从协作巡逻、联合巡逻之区别看马六甲海峡航道安全合作机制

一、今年以来海盗袭击事件频发,马六甲海峡航道安全形势复杂化国际海事局指出,自海啸发生后,马六甲海峡上的海盗行动有上升趋势。其中以2005年2月28日~3月14日两周内发生的3起海盗袭击绑架事件最令人注目。2月28日,一艘马来西亚籍的运煤拖轮在马来西亚槟城港外被袭击,船长与印尼籍大副被绑架,两人在付了赎金后获释。3月12日,一艘从三马林达到巴拉望的油轮,在印尼水域被35名武装海盗袭击,海盗绑架了船长与轮机长,3月18日,在马六甲海峡被绑架的两名印尼船员安然获得释放①。3月14日,一艘日本注册的拖船“韦马太天”号遭攻击,同时掳走3名人质,…     

马六甲海峡问题的最新发展及对南海问题的启示

一、美军欲派兵马六甲海峡引发的区域安全问题1.马六甲海峡问题的浮现2004年4月 ,驻亚太地区美军总司令托马斯·法戈上将在美国会就国防部2005年预算作证时 ,披露了美军方名为《区域海事安全计划》的反恐新方案。根据这项正在制订中的计划 ,美国将向马六甲海峡派驻海军陆战队和特种部队 ,以防止恐怖主义袭击 ,打击武器扩散、毒品走私和海盗等犯罪活动。此消息一出 ,引起马来西亚、印度尼西亚的强烈反弹。在法戈发表讲话的当天 ,马来西亚副首相兼国防部长纳吉布明确表示 ,保证马六甲海峡的安全是沿岸国家的责任 ,美国未经允许不能在海峡部署…     

On China’s Marine Safety

The rising incidence of Somalian and Malaccan piracy has sounded an alarm bell for countries around the world. In order to ensure the safety of global shipping lanes, at least in the short term, it is necessary for countries to unite to combat these pirates. However, dealing with pirate     

南海航行安全对世界经济的影响

南海航行安全对亚太经济和与亚太经济联系密切的世界其它各地的经济发展都有重大影响,由于南海地区的海盗问题与周边国家的政治、经济、政治状况有直接联系,并且受到美、日、印等国对东南亚地区政策的影响,国际间打击海盗的合作和推动地区政治、经济、安全机制的建立成为当务之急。     

The Political Economy of Intellectual Property Protection: The Case of Software

The end of the twentieth century was marked by a sea change in global governance in the realm of intellectual property rights (IPRs). Whereas countries historically retained substantial autonomy with regard to what they defined as intellectual "property" and the rights granted to the owners of intellectual property, the 1990s witnessed the establishment of new global obligations regarding national practices. This paper focuses on the case of software "piracy" to assess the mechanisms by which the new global obligations for the treatment of IPRs are transmitted from the international to the national levels. We first consider a set of national-level factors that many scholars have shown to be important determinants of IPR policy. We then supplement the standard emphasis on domestic factors with an analysis of new transnational factors: countries' multilateral obligations under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and bilateral pressures from the United States to increase the protection of IPRs. Population-averaged panel data models are used to assess the effects of these national and transnational determinants on levels of software piracy in 80 countries from 1994 to 2002. Our results indicate that membership in the WTO and bilateral pressures from the United States—particularly pressures that offer reciprocal concessions—lead to substantial increases in levels of protection in rich and poor countries. There is, in short, a new international political economy of intellectual property.     

Doing Europe: agency and the European Union in the field of counter-piracy practice

ABSTRACT

The practice turn provides new avenues for core questions of international relations and European Studies. This article draws on a practice theoretical account to shed new light on the constitution of agency in global politics. An understanding of agency as achievement that requires significant practical work and the participation in international fields of practice is developed. Drawing on the case of the field of counter-piracy practice and the European Union’s (EU’s) work to counter piracy off the coast of Somalia, it is shown how the EU achieved the position as a core actor in the field. A detailed discussion of the EU’s work in interrupting and knowing piracy, in building capacity, and in governing piracy is provided.     

Petro-Piracy: Oil and Troubled Waters

West Africa piracy is the most profitable in the world. Well-organized gangs steal refined oil in contrast to Somali pirates who hold crews and ships for ransom. Like piracy elsewhere, the origins and potential solutions to West African piracy are found ashore—largely in Nigeria. This article argues that oil states in the developing world are shielded from the domestic and international pressures that can bring down their non-oil neighbors. The current international system which makes international recognition, not internal legitimacy or functionality, the key to state authority works to their benefit. It encourages those parts which are valuable to industrialized powers—and to the domestic elites who facilitate and benefit from international legitimization—to function well enough for resource extraction to continue. The security of the state generally matters less than the security of key enclaves— including ships and offshore platforms—which support elite interests.     

Economic Sanctions,Poverty, and International Terrorism: An Empirical Analysis

This study examines the impact of economic sanctions on international terrorism. It is argued that sanctions intensify economic hardships on the poor within countries and this increases their level of grievance and makes them more likely to support or engage in international terrorism. Further, economic sanctions are conceptualized as creating an opportunity for rogue leaders to manipulate aggrieved poor people to terrorize foreign entities who are demonized as engaging in a foreign encroachment on the sanctioned nation's sovereignty. A cross-sectional, time-series data analysis of 152 countries for the past three decades provides evidence that ceteris paribus, economic sanctions are positively associated with international terrorism. This finding suggests that, although the main purpose of economic sanctions is to coerce rogue countries to conform to international norms and laws, they can unintentionally produce a negative ramification and become a cause of international terrorism.     

Piracy,the Protection of Vital State Interests and the False Foundations of Universal Jurisdiction in International Law

It is widely asserted by courts and in legal scholarship that for hundreds of years universal jurisdiction has applied to the crime of piracy. However, the alleged historical legal foundations of universality need challenge. The central argument of this analysis is that jurisdiction over “piracy” is better understood under the protective principle, which arose out of the necessity of maritime Powers roughly between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to protect certain of their vital interests, not least their overseas trade routes and colonial trade and settlements. It follows that there is a need to re-conceptualise jurisdiction over piracy as the protection of vital State interests shared by the international community, a concept misinterpreted as universal jurisdiction.