中美战略对话机制的发展及其解析——守成大国与新兴大国关系的新探索

国际关系理论大多认为,国际关系史是一部大国兴衰的历史,大国兴衰及所由带来的国际格局转换是历史发展的动力之一,守成大国与新兴大国的互动及轮替也因此成为国际关系的经典命题.中国和美国被认为是当前国际体系转型进程中的新兴大国和守成大国,处理好彼此关系不仅关系到中美两国的国家安全,而且关系到地区和世界的和平与稳定.21世纪伊始,中美为了各自战略需要,全力打造双边战略对话机制,为建立新型双边关系构建了新的平台.本文对中美战略对话发展历程、产生原因及其对双边关系、国际关系产生的影响进行了初步探讨,并认为这一机制的建立是国际体系转型时期处理当代守成大国与新兴大国关系的积极探索.     

台湾问题:中美互动的新态势

近年来,在一系列因素的作用下,中美两国在台湾问题上形成了新的互动态势.两国在维持台海现状方面形成了共识,都认为台独势力谋求"法理台独"是对台海和平与稳定的主要挑战,并为维护台海稳定展开了积极互动.中美在台海问题上的积极互动是两国利益博弈的结果.在可预见的将来,出于维护中美关系的大局和台海地区稳定的需要,中美两国有望继续保持在台湾问题上的正面互动态势.     

国际政治的“二元裂变”与大国关系——以中美日关系为例

国家主义的现实合理性与全球主义的历史必然性间的反复较量,推动着国际体系由“威斯特伐利亚体系”向“后威斯特伐利亚体系”的转变,也使国际政治在国际体系层面、区域层面、大国政治性格层面以及大国关系层面发生着深刻的“二元裂变”.尤其是大国政治性格的裂变导致了中美、美日及中美日关系具有两面性.中美关系具有全球层面的性质,而中日与美日关系则是区域层面的.没有中美在全球层面上的准确定位和健康稳定的战略默契关系的构建,就没有真正的中日主导下的东亚区域合作.     

透视中美在气候变化问题上的合作

近年来,中美两国在气候变化问题上的互动日益频繁,并已取得重要进展.本文回顾了20世纪90年代以来中美气候合作的发展历程,分析了当前中美气候合作的主要特征,考察了影响中美合作的深层原因,探讨了中美气候合作对全球气候制度构建产生的可能影响以及两国气候合作面临的挑战.本文发现,中美两国在气候变化问题上的互动经历了不断拓展、深化的过程.当前,中美两国合作具有三个鲜明特点:第一,围绕联合国谈判的核心要素达成共识;第二,聚焦主要排放源务实开展功能性合作;第三,“包容性”合作重在吸引地方和私人部门.中美气候合作增强的原因不仅在于以国家形式呈现出来的共同利益,更取决于关键利益集团态度的转变,同时,也是适应世界各国广泛构筑气候联盟的大趋势.中美两国围绕气候变化的合作,其影响逐渐超出双边关系的范畴.中美两国开始成为全球气候治理中强有力的“共同领导者”.     

塑造与被塑造——中美在国际多边机制下的互动

在全球化的大背景下,中美相互依赖加深,利益交汇点增多。而中美两国的战略抉择为双方在国际多边机制下的互动提供了必要的空间。双方利益交融和结构性矛盾并存,必然导致中美多边互动是既合作又竞争,甚至是斗争。中美在国际多边机制下的互动,既塑造了对方,也塑造了未来,推动国际多边机制的变革。不过,这将是一个从量变到质变的漫长过程。     

拜登政府对华制度竞争的逻辑路径与结构效应

回归国际制度是拜登政府外交的重要特征之一,国际制度竞争也是其对华战略的重要组成部分。其中,国际议题属性干扰、国际议程载体控制、国际制度身份排斥、国际制度规则替代是拜登政府开展对华制度竞争的基本行为逻辑。通过以上四种策略,拜登政府拓展了中美竞争议题的利益动员范围,加速与中美战略博弈相关的国际议题上升成为国际议程,拉拢盟友和伙伴构建排除中国的小多边机制,并尝试通过重构相关领域的规则和技术标准,重塑更加有利于美国利益的国际秩序。对拜登政府上台以来在国际供应链、基础设施和高新技术领域的国际制度行为进行梳理发现,其对华制度竞争策略符合以上逻辑。拜登政府对华制度竞争在一定程度上能够帮助中美跨越“修昔底德陷阱”,实现和平的战略竞争,但也使中美制度互动性质从合作转向全面竞争,制度互动方向从接触转向脱钩,将进一步加剧国际制度体系的碎片化和自由主义国际秩序的失灵。     

个人行为体与国际体系分析

当前国际政治研究的主流理论--体系理论,基本上是以国家为行为体的,这不利于合并研究国内国际因素对国际政治的影响。本文试图通过对国际体系行为体的分析,重塑"国家决策者"的概念,从一个新的角度进行国际政治的体系研究,即通过分析体系层面的个人行为体,将国内因素和国际因素在体系层面上结合起来。本文认为,"国家决策者"在无政府状态的国际体系中进行的社会性互动和政治性互动(即他们的实践活动),是观察和理解国际政治的起点和重要方面。     

布什连任和中美关系的走向

布什总统的连任表明美国将继续推行现有的全球战略和外交安全政策 ,但又会根据形势和任务的变化而有所调整。中美作为具有世界影响的两个大国 ,在世界体系、国际秩序、地区合作、安全框架、大国关系、热点问题等方面既有共同利益 ,也有矛盾分歧。在今后四年 ,亚太地区将是中美关系演示的主要平台 ,双方在多边性、制度性和机制性方面的互动日益深化。中美关系的基本面将继续呈现出建设性和合作性 ,但双方将围绕中国在亚洲的作用和台湾问题展开新一轮的合作、斗争和妥协     

中美战略竞争与东亚安全态势

近几年,东亚地区安全矛盾呈现激化的态势,安全形势趋于紧张.这一明显变化受到中美两个大国力量对比的影响,但竞争态势上升的幅度与实力对比差异之间并不匹配.本文认为,理解当今国际体系的转型存在全球体系和地区体系两个基本分析层次,全球层次上的核心问题是美国霸权的兴衰与应对,地区层次上是中国崛起及其引起的战略反应.东亚地区安全形势走向紧张是由中美实力对比与信心对比脱节以及美国管理其地区盟友而引发的联盟政治动力所导致的.在这一过程中,中美战略互动的性质变化塑造着地区中小国家的战略选择,从而对中国周边战略环境的稳定性产生巨大影响.从既有的实力对比和实力增长势头出发,中国要维护持久发展和崛起的局面,需要着力管控中美战略竞争的强度和烈度,尤其是在全球层次避免过度挑战既有利益格局以及在地区层次规避中小国家的制衡倾向.     

美国国际体系观的演变及其内涵——兼论中美在联合国安全机制改革中的互动前景

美国的国际体系观在后冷战时期不断调整,但其维护美国霸权地位的目标始终不变.美国的国际体系观包含四个主要方面的关切,即影响其霸权地位的权势演变、重大安全威胁和挑战、国际机制和规范以及重要区域的战略态势.进入新世纪,美国加紧完善有助于实现美国安全战略利益的国际安全机制,倡导"主权条件论"和"民主国家同盟",推行联合国"体制内变革加体制外创新"的改革立场,这对联合国和国际安全机制的改革进程以及中美在联合国安全机制领域的互动关系都将产生深刻影响.     

Inter-Korean relations and the roles of the US and of the EU

The North Korean nuclear standoff has escalated since North Korea let slip that it was developing nuclear weapons while James Kelly, U.S. Assistant Secretary of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, was visiting Pyongyang in October 2002. The Bush administration has acknowledged that the United States will not discount a preemptive military strike on the suspected nuclear development facilities, and North Korea has stood firm against any pressure to halt its nuclear development from the international community. Dialogue and meetings for international cooperation among the major countries concerned, including Korea, the U.S., Japan and China, have been activated to resolve the nuclear crisis in the Korean Peninsula, especially after the U.S. pronounced an end to its war against Iraq in early May of this year. In the middle of the rapidly changing situation on the Korean peninsula, the inter-Korean reconciliation and cooperation initiated by the Sunshine Policy of the Kim Dae Jung administration and followed by the Roh Moo-hyun administrations Policy of Peace and Prosperity are not separable from the nuclear situation. This paper follows recent developments of inter-Korean relations, illustrates South Koreas stance on the issue and suggests the EUs role on the nuclear issue. This is a revised version of the paper presented at the Asia-EU Journalists Seminar organized by the Asia Europe Foundation and the Korea Press Foundation (KPF), held in Brussels, Belgium, May 22 2003. Financial support from the KPF is gratefully acknowledged.     

美苏政治文化差异与冷战起源

一国政治文化对国家对外决策有不可忽视的影响。美苏政治文化中相互冲突的部分对两国战后初期外交决策以及冷战爆发产生重要影响，国家间的政治文化沟通对处理国家间相互关系具有重要意义。     

Strengthen the Communication Among the Youth and Enhance the Mutual Understanding and Trust

AttheinvitationoftheInternationalInitiativesofChangeAssociationofJapanIICAJIaccompa-niedMr.LiYangCouncilMemberofChineseAs-sociationforInternationalUnderstandingCAFIUonthevisittoJapanfromJune10to18andat-tendedthe27thInternationalConferenceoftheInitiativeofChangeinOdawara.DuringourstaythereweseparatelymetwithTutomuHataAdvi-sortotheIICAJandformerPrimeMinisterofJapanSomaYukikaHonoraryPresidentofIICAJToruHashimotoPresidentofIICAJandAdvisortotheJapanMizuhoFinancialGroupandD…     

海陆复合型地缘政治大国的战略选择与崛起成败

国际体系是一个复杂的利益交互系统,在系统中存在着众多战略层面的施动—反馈模式。地缘政治大国的安全战略选择决定了它与体系其他主要成员间的互动方式,互动方式决定了其可能面临的结构性压力,并最终影响到大国崛起的兴衰成败。通过本项研究可以发现:海陆复合型崛起大国的战略模式可以分为"区域陆权"战略、"全球海权"战略和"区域/全球海陆并举"战略。如果崛起大国尚未形成稳固的陆基周边环境,那么追求"区域陆权"战略是最优选择;如果拥有稳固陆基周边环境,那么追求"全球海权"战略是最优选择。而"海陆并举"战略因"同色竞争"原理,既可能同周边国家陷入"区域陆权"优势的安全困境,也可能同"全球海权"国家陷入争霸战争。因此,"海陆并举"战略往往容易造就一个反对自身崛起的海陆权力联姻。此外,追求单一的"差色互补"原理容易实现海陆功能分异背景下的战略结盟,进而影响大国崛起战略的操作实施。     

The EU and Libya and the Art of the Possible

In spite of geographic proximity and a number of shared interests, the European Union and Libya have a history of strained relations. The war of 2011 provided an opportunity for a fresh start, but so far neither side has been able to reap benefits from an entirely new political situation. Instead, Libya’s difficult internal situation has not only slowed down the process of rapprochement, but also increased EU concern. At a time when cooperation becomes a necessity rather than a choice, Libya is now down-spiralling into implosion at the levels of security, bureaucracy and economy, to the point where it cannot absorb the offers being made.     

抗击经济衰退：象和龙

由美国引发的经济危机已经席卷全球，无论是西方发达国家和地区如日本、欧盟，还是发展中国家如印度、中国，都已笼罩在全球经济衰退的阴影中。本文探讨作为正在崛起的亚洲大国——印度和中国，应采取怎样的措施遏制全球经济危机对本国经济造成更严重的伤害，以及印中两国如何借鉴对方在应对经济危机过程中采取的有效政策以尽快重新走上经济发展的正轨。     

Caught between Europe and the orient: Israel and the EMP

As the case of Transnistria illustrates, the politico-economic arrangements of de facto states are marked by a tendency to sacrifice the economy to political objectives. Despite non-recognition and limited local resources, these entities manage to make use of their ambiguous status and external support to sustain their claims to statehood. Yet, the priority of these claims over economic development, as well as strategies of survival in general can have unintended effects on unrecognised state-building projects, such as the emergence of a spin-off opposition or public disillusionment.     

Campaign Advertising and the Stimulation and Activation of the Authoritarian Personality

This research examines whether authoritarianism can be stimulated and activated by politicians. The traditional belief is that psychological traits are basically quasipermanent structures that consistently determine behavior, but newer research suggests that these traits can be stimulated. This research tests whether campaigns can stimulate traits with targeted messages. I do so by exposing subjects in an experiment to political television advertising that was designed to stimulate known correlates of authoritarianism, such as fear. The results show that authoritarianism is stimulated in treatment groups that watched advertising designed to invoke threat and the strong-father metaphor and the treatment effect is greater on conservatives. I also show that watching these commercials leads to an activation of authoritarianism that influences its predictive power over support for torture. This suggests that politicians can use emotional appeals to stimulate advantageous personality traits, and that these ads also influence the public's attitudes through activation.     

Globalization and the Reform of the International Financial and Monetary Systems

The outbreak of the global financial cdsis has called into question U.S.-style ＂financial capitalism.＂ Protectionism, currency multilateralism, decentralization of financial decision-making power and the nationalism of resources are gaining ground. The emerging economies are on the rise. The world power order is becoming multi-polar. Relations between countries are growing more diverse. The global governance model is undergoing fundamental changes. Global governance mechanisms, which are more representative and reflective of the diverse interests （such as the G20 and the UN climate change conference）, along with a reform of the international monetary system, will also help shape the future world order.     

China and the WTO: the theory and practice of compliance

Since China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in December2001, attention has turned to the issue of whether or not Chinais a responsible member of the organization and how compliantChina is with WTO rules. This article discusses the difficultiesfaced by China, as a responsible rising power, in trying toadjust itself to global trading norms. It examines the theoryof compliance in international relations from the perspectivesof neo-realism, liberal institutionalism and social constructivism,and then tests these perspectives by examining the mechanismsused to gauge China's compliance, both bilaterally by the UnitedStates and multilaterally through the Dispute Settlement Mechanismand the Transition Review Mechanism of the WTO. The result ismixed: different opinions exist as to how compliant China hasbeen but, on the whole, most monitors agree that China has triedhard to comply with WTO requirements in various areas, thoughmuch remains to be done. The most severe tests will come inthe next few years when China's financial and service sectorswill have to face fundamental changes to the way they operate.