The Fifth Wave: The New Tribalism? 1

In political disputes, issue frames set parameters for debate and shape which view dominates. This study expands issue framing research to examine the influence of frames on the perception of future terrorist threats as well as subsequent support for related counterterrorism policies. We test several hypotheses using data from an experimental field poll. We find that issue frames clearly influence perceptions of threat. However, our frames, which posit specific terrorism threats, only have a limited influence on respondent preferences for counter-terrorism policies. We consider a variety of explanations for these results and provide direction for future research.     

The Rise of China

Shared ideas wield a decisive influence on a country's external behavior. How China's rise will impact the world is determined by ideas shared by the international community. The identity and role of an emerging China is shaped not merely by its own material factors and subjective efforts. It is also constructed through China's interaction with other countries. The idea of a harmonious culture may eliminate international concerns about China's rise at the root, but this culture needs to be constructed by all the countries in the world.     

The Neglected Sex: The Jihadis’ Exclusion of Women From Jihad

The ideological literature of jihad excludes women from combat, even though the classical doctrine of defensive jihad (jihad al-daf’) that jihadis invoke stipulates that all Muslims—men, women, children, and slaves—have an obligation to go out to fight (fard ‘ayn) in defense of their territory and their faith. Thus, the validity of the doctrine of defensive jihad is inherently linked to its universal application to all Muslims. Jihadi ideologues and leaders, however, have either purposely refrained from calling on women to make their presence felt on the battlefield as warriors or have explicitly excluded them. This article is an investigation into this lacuna in jihadi ideology. It addresses a dimension that is hardly, if ever, discussed in the academic literature, namely the jihadis’ exclusion of women from combat. This exclusion represents a gaping hole in jihadi ideology and undermines the validity of the jihadis’ defensive jihad.     

The ‘future’ republic of Macedonia: The last best hope

Macedonia is the last genuinely multi‐ethnic state in the Balkans. For some, this suggests the impossibility of its continued existence. As ethnic Albanian leader Arben Xhaferi would have it, however, Macedonia's incentive for success is compelled by the inevitable allure of the West. In retrospect, when the Badinter Commission of the European Union released its opinion regarding the status of former Yugoslav states on 15 January 1992, the commission found that only two former republics sufficiently met the established criteria for recognition by the European Community: Slovenia and Macedonia. Yet Macedonia, unlike Slovenia, is an ethnically diverse nation and the poorest of the former Yugoslav republics. A review of the various geographic and geopolitical influences reveals that conflicting and often competing political, economic, social, cultural, and historic forces constantly conflict in Macedonia. The absence of increased attention and support to integrate Macedonia within the fold of Europe suggests that this tiny nation‐state's future is more precarious than it ought to be, given the record of continued Yugoslav disintegration that preceded it during the 1990s.     

The Anglo-American “Special Relationship”: The Lazarus of International Relations

Scholars have variously queried the existence of the Anglo-American “special relationship,” consigned it to history as “special no more,” or demanded that Britain choose between its European and American relationships. These critiques have become increasingly prevalent since the Cold War. Yet the current British government, like many before it, continues to portray a choice between America and Europe as a “false choice,” and the “special relationship” has arguably deepened in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks. This article contends that international diplomatic history can contribute much to understanding the “Lazarus-like” quality of the “special relationship.” Specifically it argues that a number of critical continuities in post–World War II British foreign policy survived the end of the Cold War and have since contributed heavily to the determination of the British foreign policymaking elite to maintain the “special relationship” at the same time that Britain pursues a leadership role within Europe.     

Fighting Talk: The Statements of “The IRA/New IRA”

With the advent of the new violent dissident merger, “The IRA/New IRA,” the group and its affiliates have had to legitimise their new existence. They have utilised the maintenance of paramilitary activity to achieve this. However, they have also produced a number of organisational statements, justifying their position, tactics, and strategies. This article analyses the evolution of these statements, both pre and post-merger from 2007 to 2015. 126 individual statements and four magazines are analysed using grounded theory. This analysis found that the statements have a dual strategy, aiming to foster trust in the movement and distrust in their perceived enemies. One of the dominant ways in which the group aims to foster trust is by proposing their possession of an historical mandate from the republican forefathers of 1916, as well as the internally lauded paramilitaries from The Troubles-era Provisional Irish Republican Army. The focus of the distrust narrative has been on the “constitutional nationalism” of Sinn Féin. However, it also pours scorn on the Police Service of Northern Ireland, and capitalism, across the island of Ireland. The analysis of these statements can provide us with an understanding of the future direction of the group, as well as giving us insight, which can inform the development of any counter-narrative.     

Japan:The Way Ahead

For Japan, relative political stability, economic rebound and stronger diplomaticassertiveness characterized the year 1999. It was also a year when an unmis-takable rightist reorientation took place in the country's internal and external poli-cies. Japan is still at the midst of a historical transition. The year 2000 will witnessthe general elections for the Diet. Thus what impact will they exert on the futurepolicies of Tokyo. Claims concern.     

The Posture of India''''s Rise

India, a large developing country with a population of1.1 billion,has experienced robust economic growth in recent years. As its e-conomic power steadily builds, its military might, diplomatic the ac-tivities and even its cultural influence are expanding,…     

The FES Delegation Visits China

At the invitation of CAFIU, a five-member delegation of Friedrich-Ebert Foundation (FES) headed by Mr. Michael Schaefer, policy advisor to the chairman of the German SPD parliamentary group visited China from 2 to 8 December. In     

The Loneliness of Israel. The Jewish State’s Status in International Relations

Israel’s international position has declined in recent years. Even if its relationship with the EU – and even more with the US – is solid, there have been frictions that are not likely to disappear in the years to come. Its relations with other states, from Middle Eastern countries to India and China, are either highly problematic or have not improved despite the Israeli government’s efforts. It is Israel’s policy in the Occupied Territories that is being increasingly criticised and this is creating a sort of ‘vicious circle’ in Israel: the critiques reinforce Israeli’s ‘bunker mentality’, strengthening the ethno-nationalist character of Israeli politics and society and causing de-democratisation, and this, in turn, brings on more international isolation.     

The sack of Mostar, 1992–1994: The politico‐military connection

To date, most of the academic and journalistic accounts and analyses have treated the Bosnian War as a relatively uniform conflict among two or three warring parties along a nearly 1,000 km‐long front line. Yet the most militarily charged and conflictual spots along this line were several strategic urban areas such as Bihac, Mostar, Sarajevo, Brcko, Tuzla, Srebrenica and Gorazde. The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina can thus also be viewed as a collection of local wars. By focusing on the case of Mostar the authors argue that these local conflicts were part of a state‐building process, but that, due to the connivance among the different militias and state armies on the ground, the Mafia‐style war economy, as well as thanks to the newly emerged ethnically based institutions and ruling elites, such process resulted in a polity that more resembles a seventeenth‐century pirate colony than a modern state. In this sense the word ‘sack’ instead of ‘war’ describes more aptly the politico‐military dimension of the war waged in and around Mostar.     

The World amid Test and Readjustment

The world today is experiencing yet another omni-dimensional, deep-goingtransformation since the end of the Cold War. Confronted with severe chal-lenges from many quarters, major political forces across the globe are deepeningreadjustments in their external and internal policies. With the existing world politi-cal and economic systems under strong shock waves, calls are running high for set-     

The Haunting“Yellow Peril”

In modern times,whenever China, the giant that had been abused and humil-iated by the West for more than a century, awoke and barely started to stand up,the clamor of the“Yellow Peril”rose in the West. Invariably such nonsense wastime and again refuted by the righteous voice.     

The Best Way for China''''s Future

Lu:The situation China will face in the future will become moreand more complicated.We have more and more tasks to do,just as theChinese poem goes“As one enters the circle of thousands of mountains,one faces another mountain after passing by one of them.”Lookingfrom the international scene,none of the two issues of peace and devel-opment has been solved.Economic security and military security issues     

The United Republic of Tanzania：The National Policy on Ion-Governmental Organizations（NGOs）

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Non-Governmental Organizations [NGOs] are increasingly being recognized by government as potent forces for social and economic development; important partners in nation building and national development; valuable forces in promoting the qualitative and quantitative development of democracy and not least,     

The Rise of the Developing World

In the paper, the formation and causes of world economic system and order are deeply analyzed. Professor Su quotes some experts on international relations to prove his arguments. In the last part of his paper, Dr. Su spends a lot to expound the world economic system and the rise of the developing world in the new century.     

The“Strong Nationalism”Fallacy

Strong nationalism has now become a buzzword in Western press or academiccomments on China and also an important argument for the“China threat”. SomeWestern scholars assert that rising Chinese nationalism will lead to external expan-sion and hegemonism. Not a few Western scholars have challenged this ridiculous     

The Rise of Latin American Left

In recent years, the rise of the Left-wing political forces has become a new phenomenon on the Latin American political stage, attracting great attention from the international community. For the time being, however, scholars around the world have not reached a consensus on the definition of the     

The Beautiful Grassland is My Home

In recent years, as the big and medium cities like Beijing are developing rapidly, the high-rises emerged row upon row. The technical cleaning of the internal and external environment has gradually drawn concern. Personnel training for the job has also become a new job. In order to promote cooperation between Yandu Langsu Cleaning Technology (Beijing) Co. Ltd, a Sino-Japanese joint venture and Tongliao City in personnel recruitment and training, I went with some company staff from Aug. 8…