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1.
以《不扩散核武器条约》为基础的国际防扩散制度已经走过了半个世纪,如今却面临日益严峻的挑战。对于全球防扩散与核裁军进程出现的倒退,美国负有特殊的责任。这突出表现在三个相互关联的理论、历史和现实问题上。首先,经典核威慑理论并不能充分解释美国矛盾的核战略和防扩散政策。以实战威慑和延伸威慑构成的绝对自由核战略才是长期指导美国核政策实践的根本。其次,通过对20世纪50~60年代的冷战史进行再挖掘可以得知,一般认为的美国核战略在主张核武器用于实战的保守派和主张核武器仅用于威慑的自由派之间摇摆,实际上夸大了自由派对美国核战略的影响。美国在大多数总统任期内将绝对自由核战略作为拱卫其构建战后国际秩序和获得对苏联战略优势的关键。最后,核武器与非核武器的互动是当前核时代的一个显著特征。随着新技术革命的兴起,传统的核威慑和战略稳定正面临极为复杂的挑战。然而,美国依旧以核常融合、攻防兼备构筑绝对优势,并以新兴技术、跨域威慑确保全面制胜。其结果持续引发由核武器与常规武器互动、谋求技术先发优势以及追求绝对自由所导致的"三元悖论",从而对全球战略稳定和国际防扩散制度产生进一步冲击。  相似文献   

2.
对盟友提供的延伸威慑安全保证,是美国维持与盟友关系的重要基础。冷战时期,美国的延伸威慑主要通过核保护伞方式运作。为了应对冷战后新的安全环境,以满足新旧盟友的安全需求,美国开始通过导弹防御合作来提供对盟友的安全承诺与安全保证。这使得美国的延伸威慑从以核保护伞为核心,转变为核保护伞与导弹防御并重的模式。与盟友发展导弹防御合作关系,对美国的延伸威慑体系造成了一定程度的影响。其正面效益是,导弹防御合作使更多盟友能参与集体防务并贡献更多力量,还可增强盟友与伙伴的凝聚力和向心力,巩固美国的军事领导地位。但是,导弹防御系统仍然不具备绝对的可靠性和有效性,而且美国必须在以导弹防御合作促进延伸威慑方面投入更多的成本。如今,美国已开始加大力度,团结盟友进行新一轮的全球战略竞争。在此背景下,导弹防御延伸威慑模式的可持续性也将面临考验。  相似文献   

3.
自2002年10月美国宣布朝鲜秘密发展核武器计划以来,朝美间的核争端再次成为国际社会关注的焦点。朝鲜研发核武器的动机在冷战时期是出于确保国家安全的考虑,冷战后其动机则演变为与美国讨价还价的筹码。美国关注朝鲜核问题的动因是朝鲜研发核武器将对美国的战略利益产生强烈的冲击。核问题的实质是朝美间国家利益冲突的体现。因为两国在这一问题上找不到共同利益,也找不到根本解决的方案,所以核问题的解决将困难重重。  相似文献   

4.
冷战后美国的防扩散政策王玲一、冷战结束后,美国军控政策的重点转到防止大规模毁灭性武器及导弹在第三世界的扩散。苏联解体后,美国将其防务重点从对付苏联的全球威胁转向对付地区冲突。在继续关注与俄罗斯实施削减战略核武器协议、消除美俄核对抗态势的同时,突出地强...  相似文献   

5.
冷战后美国的防扩散政策王玲一、冷战结束后,美国军控政策的重点转到防止大规模毁灭性武器及导弹在第三世界的扩散。苏联解体后,美国将其防务重点从对付苏联的全球威胁转向对付地区冲突。在继续关注与俄罗斯实施削减战略核武器协议、消除美俄核对抗态势的同时,突出地强...  相似文献   

6.
国际核不扩散体制的困境与出路   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
2006年核扩散与反扩散斗争空前激烈,伊朗民用核问题升温及朝鲜核试引起人们对国际防扩散体制行将崩溃的担忧。更深层的问题是,围绕民用核开发的国际斗争在全球传统能源告急的大背景下日益白热化,并导致核扩散内涵的不断深化与拓展,而以《不扩散核武器条约》为核心的国际防扩散体制漏洞进一步凸显,美国的单边主义及大国协调对此均显力不从心。探求有效的防扩散体制,确立面向未来的核秩序,要求国际社会制定出综合、全面、彻底的长效之策。  相似文献   

7.
地区安全秩序是相应区域内国家维持本国安全和地区稳定的互动模式。进入21世纪以来,东亚安全秩序逐渐呈现出以战略对冲为核心特征的互动模式,即地区国家通过有上限的竞争和有底线的合作维护自身安全和地区稳定。不过,随着人类社会加速进入数字时代,美国自2018年以来全面打压甚至遏制中国数字技术的实力发展和全球影响。在数字技术竞争背景下,东亚安全秩序虽面临新的冲击,但中国和东亚国家的政策选择并未脱离既有的安全战略模式。在进入数字时代的过程中,东亚安全秩序展现出较强的延续性,其主要原因来自两个方面:一是东亚安全秩序的形成基础并未弱化甚至有所巩固和强化;二是数字技术竞争背景下美国的战略选择和实力特点,使得东亚国家深化与美国的数字合作面临更大的不确定性,从而进一步强化了东亚国家维持既有战略模式的倾向。这些发现在一定程度上拓展了中国对数字时代东亚秩序和国际秩序转型的理论认识,同时也对进入数字时代过程中如何妥善处理中美关系和周边关系具有一定的启发意义。  相似文献   

8.
运用西方国际关系理论对俄罗斯核政策与核战略演变进行分析研究,可以发现冷战高峰时期前苏联核政策与核战略是一个非常适宜于用现实主义分析的框架;冷战末期原苏联和冷战结束初期俄罗斯核政策与核战略是一个相当适宜于用自由制度主义分析的框架;而当前俄罗斯核政策与核战略则是一个基本适宜于用建构主义分析的框架.当前,俄罗斯在核力量建设目标上谋求与美国保持低水平的核均势.在核武器使用政策方面,俄罗斯从"不首先使用"转到"首先使用",再到"先发制人",并将核威慑作为施加压力和维持国际战略平衡的工具.俄核武库现在依然过于庞大,但在当前情况下有助于保持全球战略平衡.俄过于依赖核武器来维护其大国地位与自尊,将可能与美国陷入安全困境.俄防扩散政策有助于阻止核武器扩散和落入恐怖组织手中,但俄罗斯有时对商业利益超过对防扩散的考虑.  相似文献   

9.
时隔四年,日美安保磋商委员会“2+2”会谈于今年6月召开,会谈中日本正式授权美国向第三国转让日美共同研发的“标准”-3Block2A型导弹,①引发了国际社会对日本突破“武器出口三原则”的质疑,也标志着日美反导合作上了一个新的台阶。日本从2007年开始正式部署其国家导弹防御系统(BMD),近年来日本在导弹防御上的动作随着地区安全局势变动愈发频繁,日美在导弹防御上的互动程度也日趋深入,日本已成为美国全球最大的导弹防御伙伴。  相似文献   

10.
美国导弹防御计划经历了长期发展演变。到冷战结束以后,美逐渐形成一套比较完整的导弹防御理论,并在小布什任内开始正式部署反导系统。新时期的美国导弹防御计划客观上刺激了全球的导弹及导弹防御竞赛。导弹防御的作用是想象的,由此引发的军备竞赛却是现实的。美国导弹防御计划未来何去何从,依然充满变数。  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT

The liberal international economic and political order which the United States created from the ashes of World War II and has since led is in trouble. To United States President Donald Trump, the order which provided the framework under which sovereign states agreed to follow a rules-based system of economic and political cooperation and shared multilateral governance, has not only allowed other nations (in particular, China) to take advantage of US ‘magnanimity’, but also weakened the United States economically, while asymmetric alliances compromised its military advantages. Given the sustained assault this cosmopolitan order is facing, many fear that it may not survive if Trump is re-elected in November 2020. Indeed, if the United States response to the COVID-19 pandemic is any guide, an ‘America First’ agenda, especially a hard-line approach to China, will shape US policy if Trump wins a second term.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

The election of Donald Trump in 2016 sent shock waves across political classes globally and prompted debates about whether his ‘America first’ agenda threatened the liberal international order. During his first year in office, Trump seemed determined to undermine the hallmarks of the liberal international order: democracy, liberal economics and international cooperation. So, are we witnessing the emergence of a “post-liberal” and “post-American” era? Four sources of evidence help frame – if not answer – the question: history, the crisis of liberal democracy, Trump’s world view, and the power of civil society (globally and nationally) to constrain any US President. They yield three main judgements. First, continuity often trumps change in US foreign policy. Second, the liberal international order may have been more fragile pre-Trump than was widely realised. Third, American power must be put at the service of its own democracy if the US is to become the example to the world it used to be.  相似文献   

13.
国际政治安全秩序观是有关国家对国际政治安全秩序的性质、发展趋势、维护路径、本国与之关系等问题的看法、立场和主张的总和,对国家对外行为有重要影响。作为一种抽象的国家观念,它既可见于国家对外政策权威文件,也体现在一国有关国际政治安全问题的对外行为中。通过中俄对外政策文件,考察两国国际政治安全秩序观之异同,并结合中俄有关国际政治安全问题的外交行为,特别是两国在安理会的投票,可以逆向透视两国国际政治安全秩序观。这种互补性研究路径结合文本解读与对外行为分析,使二者彼此验证,可弥补单一路径之偏颇。中俄均主张维护以联合国为核心的国际政治安全秩序的稳定,推动多极化秩序朝更加公正合理的方向发展,维护国际公平正义,反对军备竞赛和外空军事化,反对霸权主义和强权政治,尊重公认的国际法准则与和平共处五项原则,主张通过政治和外交途径解决国际冲突,并非西方所谓的“修正主义国家”。中俄两国在对多极化的理解、维护国际政治安全的手段和依靠力量、欧亚地区秩序、对以联合国为核心的国际安全制度的尊重程度等方面有异。比较而言,中国之“言”(国际政治安全秩序声明)与“行”(维护国际政治安全秩序之行为)更显一致。  相似文献   

14.
国际关系的演进表明,海洋话语转变是国际秩序转变的重要风向标。文章对海洋话语进行了概念分析,并将其细分成海洋硬话语与海洋软话语,明确其包涵因素和互动关系。战争、谈判、国际会议、条约及协定等是国家争取战略主导权、在国际权力格局中占据优势的重要手段,可作为海洋话语与国际秩序之间的互动机理。海洋话语与国际秩序转变主要经历了欧洲主导时期和美国主导时期,且美国主导时期延续至今。在“百年未有之大变局”时代,海洋世界多极化趋势显著,海陆联动明显,“泛海洋时代”到来;海洋话语的话语主体、结构设计、海缘范畴及议题领域等均在经历多维嬗变,国际海洋新秩序建构的可能性和必要性在不断提升。中国需把握好角色定位与策略选择,优化中国海洋战略,树立新海洋安全观,踏实构建海洋话语,在国际海洋新秩序的构建中发挥积极引领作用。  相似文献   

15.
To adapt and renew today's fraying international order, the West must partner more closely with democratic rising powers that remain ambivalent about existing international arrangements. There are four such ‘global swing states’: Brazil, India, Indonesia and Turkey. An effective engagement strategy will need to adjust the order's main pillars to enhance their appeal without transforming the fundamental character of the system in the process. It will need to influence what global swing states want through outreach to publics and private sectors. And it will need to make the case that all four can best manage China's rise by strengthening international rules of the road. If the West can enlarge the circle of countries that uphold the global order to include these rising democracies, the system that has long safeguarded international security and prosperity and promoted human rights will be able to endure.  相似文献   

16.
The United States’ grand strategy has consistently been marked by a distinct tendency toward nuclear hypertrophy. Especially the inherent difficulties in extending deterrence to its allies and friends, compounded by the geopolitical characteristics of the US as an unassailable ‘insular’ fortress off Eurasia, have generated, rather paradoxically, a strong incentive for Washington to pursue a wide margin of nuclear superiority, if not nuclear primacy. This has implied, in turn, the deployment of redundant arsenals, robust counterforce capabilities and even a ballistic missile defence. Significantly, not even the Obama administration, though solemnly committed to nuclear disarmament, abstained from embracing a very ambitious modernisation program of American nuclear forces.  相似文献   

17.
The international situation is evolving more impressively than it has at any time since the end of the Cold War.Globalization has been in decline.Nations are scrambling to gain greater influence.The international strategic pattern is being adjusted.Many countries have problems with public management,and are faced with a new array of social trends and increasingly popular movements.The world is entering a new era full of chaos and anxiety.Mankind once again faces significant trade-offs and choices in peace and conflict,development and recession,openness and isolation,liberalism and conservatism.China strives to advocate win-win cooperation and lead the trend of reform and opening to maintain a favorable external environment despite world chaos,and enhance status and institutional rights in the international system.China's 30 years of development was successful in the process of integrating into the existing international system;China is a participant as well as a builder of the international system,rather than a challenger or a subversive.In the future,with a constructive attitude,China will promote the international system in a more reasonable direction together with international partners,in order to better safeguard world peace and security,and promote sustainable development throughout the world.  相似文献   

18.
The international order is built on the principles of sovereign equality,national interests,great powers and respect for human rights among others.International rivalry and cooperation have existed side by side over the past few centuries,while the foundations of an intemational order have solidified.We are now seeing a transition in the international order that requires new innovative ways of thinking.China is seen as the key driver of these changes because of its unique status,pattern of growth and future potential.China should embrace this historic opportunity and take on its obligations to contribute to the birth of a new modern international order.  相似文献   

19.
核潜艇合作是美英澳三边安全伙伴关系(AUKUS)的核心内容。关于这一核潜艇合作项目是否有悖国际核不扩散规范体系,国际社会存在尖锐的争论。既有研究主要探讨三边安全伙伴关系核潜艇合作与国际核不扩散规范的合规问题,但忽视了其对正在成长中的国际规范的冲击。从规范演化的角度看,违反规范的国家影响力越大,对既有规范的打击越沉重,规范退化的可能性越大。规范的正式程度越低,规范越脆弱,受到冲击后规范退化甚至衰亡的可能性也越大。美英澳核潜艇合作最主要的影响在于,三国利用其独特的影响力破坏了成长中的核不扩散规范。长期以来,由于已有的核潜艇合作活动都没有利用国际核不扩散规范体系中的军用核动力装置漏洞,使得规避利用该漏洞已经成为一个惯例或成长中的规范。然而,由于美英澳的核潜艇合作涉及大量武器级高浓缩铀的转让,且高调引用了军用核动力装置漏洞,这将对军用核动力装置转让、军民两用物项管制和核“突破时间”这三项成长中的核不扩散规范产生严重冲击。  相似文献   

20.
Power shifts and especially power transitions in the international system are often associated with (military) confl ict. Power Transition Theory (PTT) does offer an analysis of this phenomenon but no remedy. We suggest easing the tensions related to ongoing worldwide power shifts by introducing a new informal multilateral security governance institution, based on the idea of a concert of powers. The historical European Concert of the 19th century prevented the outbreak of great power wars for more than a generation by providing a cooperation framework, based on shared norms and common procedures. In this article we explore the possibility of utilizing a modernized concert of powers as a framework for managing the coming power shifts. In order to do so, we introduce two new elements in Power Transition Theory: (1) the importance of the (dis) satisfaction of the declining hegemon with the anticipated future order, and (2) a broader multilateral framework of major powers that overcomes the Power Transition Theory’s traditional bilateral “duel” situation. On this basis, institutionalized power transition management becomes possible. We then work out the norms, strengths and weaknesses of the historical concert and update it with a few new features that would be necessary for it to be successful in the 21st century.  相似文献   

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