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991.
Recent research using a calibration approach indicates that eyewitness confidence assessments obtained immediately after a
positive identification decision provide a useful guide as to the likely accuracy of the identification. This study extended
research on the boundary conditions of the confidence–accuracy (CA) relationship by varying the retention interval between
encoding and identification test. Participants (N = 1,063) viewed one of five different targets in a community setting and attempted an identification from an 8-person target-present
or -absent lineup either immediately or several weeks later. Compared to the immediate condition, the delay condition produced
greater overconfidence and lower diagnosticity. However, for choosers at both retention intervals there was a meaningful CA
relationship and diagnosticity was much stronger at high than low confidence levels. 相似文献
992.
Two laboratory studies with 332 student participants investigated secondary confessions (provided by an informant instead
of the suspect). Participants allegedly caused or witnessed a simulated computer crash, then were asked to give primary or
secondary confessions during interrogation. Study 1 replicated the false evidence effect for primary confessions. Secondary
confessions were obtained at a high rate, which was increased by false evidence in combination with incentive to confess.
In Study 2 a confederate either confessed to or denied crashing the computer. Incentive increased the rate of secondary confession
only in the presence of a denial; that is, incentive increased the number of false secondary confessions only. Implications
for the use of incentives during informant interrogation are discussed. 相似文献
993.
Ellen S. Cohn Donald Bucolo Cesar J. Rebellon Karen Van Gundy 《Law and human behavior》2010,34(4):295-309
Legal socialization theory predicts that attitudes mediate the relation between legal reasoning and rule-violating behavior
[Cohn, E. S., & White, S. O. (1990). Legal Socialization: A Study of Norms and Rules. New York: Springer-Verlag]. Moral development theory predicts that moral reasoning predicts rule-violating behavior directly
as well as indirectly [Blasi, A. (1980). Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 1–45]. We present and test an integrated model of rule-violating behavior drawing on both theories in a longitudinal study
of middle school and high school students. Students completed questionnaires three times during the course of 1 year at 6-month
intervals. Legal and moral reasoning, legal attitudes, and rule-violating behavior were measured at times one, two, and three
respectively. Structural equation models revealed that while moral and legal reasoning were directly and indirectly related
to rule-violating behavior among high school students, legal reasoning bore no direct relation to rule-violating behavior
among middle school students. The implications for an integrated model of reasoning and rule-violating behavior are discussed. 相似文献
994.
Douglas Mossman Michael D. Bowen David J. Vanness David Bienenfeld Terry Correll Jerald Kay William M. Klykylo Douglas S. Lehrer 《Law and human behavior》2010,34(5):402-417
This study asked whether latent class modeling methods and multiple ratings of the same cases might permit quantification
of the accuracy of forensic assessments. Five evaluators examined 156 redacted court reports concerning criminal defendants
who had undergone hospitalization for evaluation or restoration of their adjudicative competence. Evaluators rated each defendant’s
Dusky-defined competence to stand trial on a five-point scale as well as each defendant’s understanding of, appreciation of, and
reasoning about criminal proceedings. Having multiple ratings per defendant made it possible to estimate accuracy parameters
using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches, despite the absence of any “gold standard” for the defendants’ true competence
status. Evaluators appeared to be very accurate, though this finding should be viewed with caution. 相似文献
995.
996.
Allison D. Redlich Steven Hoover Alicia Summers Henry J. Steadman 《Law and human behavior》2010,34(2):91-104
Mental health courts (MHCs) are rapidly expanding as a form of diversion from jails and prisons for persons with mental illness
charged with crimes. Although intended to be voluntary, little is known about this aspect of the courts. We examined perceptions
of voluntariness, and levels of knowingness and legal competence among 200 newly enrolled clients of MHCs at two courts. Although
most clients claimed to have chosen to enroll, at the same time, most claimed not to have been told the court was voluntary
or told of the requirements prior to entering. The majority knew the “basics” of the courts, but fewer knew more nuanced information.
A minority also were found to have impairments in legal competence. Implications are discussed. 相似文献
997.
This experiment examined whether jury-eligible community members (N = 223) were able to detect internally invalid psychological science presented at trial. Participants read a simulated child
sexual abuse case in which the defense expert described a study he had conducted on witness memory and suggestibility. We
varied the study’s internal validity (valid, missing control group, confound, and experimenter bias) and publication status
(published, unpublished). Expert evidence quality ratings were higher for the valid versus missing control group version only.
Publication increased ratings of defendant guilt when the study was missing a control group. Variations in internal validity
did not influence perceptions of child victim credibility or police interview quality. Participants’ limited detection of
internal validity threats underscores the need to examine the effectiveness of traditional legal safeguards against junk science
in court and improve the scientific reasoning ability of lay people and legal professionals. 相似文献
998.
Several factors influence the reliability of eyewitness identification evidence. Typically, recognition for same-race faces
is better than for different-race faces (the own-race bias), and alcohol intoxication decreases overall face recognition accuracy.
This research investigated how alcohol intoxication influences the own-race bias. Asian and European participants completed
tests of recognition memory for Asian and European faces when either mildly intoxicated (mean breath alcohol concentration
of .05) or when sober. Compared to their sober counterparts, intoxicated participants showed a reduced own-race bias. Specifically,
alcohol intoxication had a larger negative effect on the recognition of same-race faces compared to different-race faces.
The legal and theoretical implications of these results are discussed. 相似文献
999.
Dan M. Kahan Donald Braman John Monahan Lisa Callahan Ellen Peters 《Law and human behavior》2010,34(2):118-140
What explains controversy over outpatient commitment laws (OCLs), which authorize courts to order persons with mental illness to accept outpatient treatment? We hypothesized that attitudes toward OCLs reflect “cultural cognition” (DiMaggio, P. Annl Rev Sociol 23:263–287, 1997), which motivates individuals to conform their beliefs about policy-relevant facts to their cultural values. In a study involving a diverse sample of Americans (N = 1,496), we found that individuals who are hierarchical and communitarian tend to support OCLs, while those who are egalitarian and individualistic tend to oppose them. These relationships, moreover, fit the cultural cognition hypothesis: that is, rather than directly influencing OCL support, cultural values, mediated by affect, shaped individuals’ perceptions of how effectively OCLs promote public health and safety. We discuss the implications for informed public deliberation over OCLs. 相似文献
1000.