Mietzinsminderung wegen Lärmbelastung; Minderung auch der Betriebskosten

Eine durch die Beschaffenheit des Hauses bewirkte L?rmbelastung praktisch rund um die Uhr infolge unzureichender Schalld?mmung ist eine erhebliche Bel?stigung, die den Gebrauch des Bestandgegenstands, wie er gew?hnlich nach der Verkehrsauffassung erwartet wird, erheblich beeintr?chtigt und eine Mietzinsminderung (hier: 15%) rechtfertigt. Bei Vorliegen der Voraussetzungen des § 1096 ABGB ist es sachgerecht, den gesamten Mietzins einschlie?lich der Betriebskosten von einer dem MRG unterliegenden Bestandobjekt einheitlich zu mindern.     

An Economic Analysis of a Swedish Environmental Liability Case

A High Court case illustrates Swedish legal reasoning. The case extends the use of strict liability, although the main liability rule is negligence. The aim of the paper is to show the usefulness of the economic analysis in a practical case. The case concerns liability for damages caused by a leaky, hot-water pipe. The defendant maintained that it should not be held liable because it had not acted negligently, and the district court and the court of appeals supported the defence. Nevertheless, the High Court decided on strict liability. The High Court used a line of argumentation that, partly and implicitly, may have been economically correct. However, the precedence was most limited and unclear. Given an explicit goal of economic efficiency, the precedence would, in this simple and straightforward case, be that strict liability should prevail where the cause is unilateral and the injurer is able to cover and/or insure the loss.     

Three Forms of Interpersonal Trust: Evidence from Swedish Municipalities

Social trust is usually treated as a dichotomy between particularized and generalized trust. In this article it is argued that a third distinct form, community trust, is neither particularized nor generalized and bounded in space rather than persons. Factor analysis of survey data from 33 Swedish municipalities (N = 6,453) distinguishes between particularized, generalized and community trust. Furthermore, regression analyses show that the three trust forms have partly distinct antecedents and linked to different types of behaviours. While generalized trust best predicts leaps of faith in relation to strangers, community trust is the only trust form significantly predicting taking part in local problem solving. Finally, multilevel analysis shows that community trust is the trust form most vulnerable to changes with respect to ethnic diversity and socioeconomic equality.     

Zur Behandlung der Kostenersatzpflicht aus dem Pflichtteilsprozess bei der Bemessung des Pflichtteils

Wird der ruhende Nachlass von einem verkürzten Noterben geklagt und unterliegt der Nachlass in diesem Pflichtteilsprozess, so ist er nach allgemeinen Regeln zum Prozesskostenersatz verpflichtet. Au?erdem hat er die Kosten der eigenen Vertretung im Verfahren endgültig selbst zu tragen. Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob und in welchem Umfang diese Belastungen des Nachlasses zu einer Minderung der Bemessungsgrundlage für Pflichtteile führen k?nnen; und zwar einerseits gegenüber dem klagenden Noterben selbst und andererseits gegenüber anderen, am Pflichtteilsprozess nicht beteiligten Noterben. Auf Grundlage der vom Gesetz selbst vorgegebenen Wertungen wird eine nach Fallgruppen differenzierende L?sung entwickelt.     

Report

Tibet and the Chinese People's Republic: Being a Report to the International Commission of Jurists by its Legal Enquiry Committee on Tibet. Published by the Commission, Geneva, 1960 (6, Rue Mont‐de‐Sion, Geneva). Pp. 345.     

Impairment based legislative limits for driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs in Norway

Bloodstains at crime scenes are among the most important types of evidence for forensic investigators. They can be used for DNA-profiling for verifying the suspect's identity or for pattern analysis in order to reconstruct the crime. However, until now, using bloodstains to determine the time elapsed since the crime was committed is still not possible. From a criminalistic point of view, an accurate estimation of when the crime was committed enables to verify witnesses' statements, limits the number of suspects and assesses alibis. Despite several attempts and exploration of many technologies during a century, no method has been materialized into forensic practice. This review gives an overview of an extensive search in scientific literature of techniques that address the quest for age determination of bloodstains. We found that most techniques are complementary to each other, in short as well as long term age determination. Techniques are compared concerning their sensitivity for short and long term ageing of bloodstains and concerning their possible applicability to be used on a crime scene. In addition, experimental challenges like substrate variation, interdonor variation and environmental influences are addressed. Comparison of these techniques contributes to our knowledge of the physics and biochemistry in an ageing bloodstain. Further improvement and incorporation of environmental factors are necessary to enable age determination of bloodstains to be acceptable in court.